• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
• /
• v.146
• /
• pp.163-192
• /
• 2018

In the philosophy of Louis Labelle, the subject of "good and evil", which is rarely discussed in modern philosophy, emerges as a very important concept. In his reasoning, the notion of evil starts from a passive stipulation of the Scholastic philosophy of "the lack of being", but he defined the evil, which actually exists in the world with more positive sense as a willing force destroying "life and values". In his reasoning that defines "the presence of evil" as "le scandale du monde", all humans have the possibility of evil as an attitude of will, and the presence of evil in the world and in human society is inevitable. On the other hand, because the outcome of evil appears as physical and mental "pain", the human's attitude toward pain, which attempts to deny suffering, induces a moral will to overcome this evil. The moral anguish, which is the "internal suffering" that we have in front of the presence of evil, makes us conscious of becoming a "moral being", and people become self-satisfied here. Although painful, self-satisfaction and happiness about becoming a moral being is the only occasion and motive for man to overcome this by opposing the presence of evil. In other words, Lavelle's thoughts for good and evil are based on "moral psychologism", and the "coherence of psychological horizons and ethical horizons" between rejection of suffering and moral agony enables "ethical optimism" that man constantly overcomes evil and produces good. This is clearly an advanced modern application of scholasticism on the concept of evil.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.167-177
• /
• 1997

타액선 병변의 일반적인 영상진단법으로는 타액선조영술, 전산화단층촬영술, 자기공명 영상, 타액선 스캔, 초음파 촬영술이 있다. 이중 초음파촬영술은 타액선내 종양의 유무를 평가하는데 있어서 매우 우수하여, 전산화단층촬영이나 자기공명영상과 더불어 이용되고 있으나, 염증을 진단하는데 있어서는 타액선조영술보다 민감도가 떨어지는 단점이 있다. 일반적으로 타액선의 염증반응시 초음파상은 반향이 정상보다 낮아지며, 내부의 균질성이 떨어지는 양상을 보여 이를 진단의 기준으로 이용해왔으나 정상타액선에서도 반향이 편차가 심할 뿐만 아니라 연령에 따른 정상 타액선의 반향성에 대한 연구가 부족하여 진단에 어려움이 있었다. 이에 저자는 우선적으로 타액선에 병적인 증상이 없는 남녀 90명을 연령별(20-35세 : 청년군, 36~55세 : 중년군, 55-70세 노년군),성별에 따라 분류하여 정상 타액선의 초음파상을 얻었다. 이의 반향을 측정하고, 비만한 정도를 나타내는 체격지수를 구하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 이하선과 악하선 모두에서 연령군극_ 따라 반향성이 증가하는 양상을 보였으며, 청년군과 노년군 사이에는 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 2. 이하선과 악하선 모두에서 성에 따른 반향성의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 3. 성에 관계없이 악하선의 반향성이 이하선의 반향성보다 높았으며, 남자에 있어서는 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 4. 동일한 타액선에서 좌우측 타액선의 반향성의 평균 차이값은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 5. 이하선과 악하선의 반향성은 중등도의 양의 상관관계를 보였다(남자 : r=0.56, 여자 : r=0.54). 6. 체격지수와 타액선의 반향성은 약한 양의 상관관계를 보였다.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.104-113
• /
• 1991

선양낭암은 타액선종양중 비교적 드문 악성종양으로 병리조직학적 및 임상적으로 독특한 양상을 보인다. 병리조직학상 종양세포가 신경주변으로 침범하여 수술당시 적절한 수술연을 얻기 어렵고 이에 따른 국소재발이 거듭되고 임파선전이 및 예측치 않는 원격전이가 생기기도 한다. 지금까지 선양낭암환자의 예후에 영향을 미치는 여러 요인들에 대한 연구들이 이루워지고 있는데 그중 조직학적 분화도, 원발부위, 종양의 크기, 수술연의 상태와 임상적 병기들이 중요시되고 있다. 이에 저자들은 1960년부터 1980년 까지 텍사스대학 M.D. Anderson 암센터에서 치료받은 이하선 및 악하선 선양낭암 각각 13례와 26례를 대상으로 원발부위가 환자의 생존 및 치료에 미치는 영향을 알고자 다른 예후인자로 알려진 조직병리학적 소견들과 함께 통계학적 분석을 실시하였다. 이하선과 악하선에 생긴 선양낭암을 비교한 결과 이하선에 생긴 경우 조직학적 분화도가 더 낮았고 악하선 종양에서 수술연에 종양침범율이 더 적었다. 경부 임파절 전이는 악하선 종양에서 많았으나 반면 원격전이는 이하선 종양에서 더 많이 발생하였다. 그러나 종양의 크기, 선경주위침범 유무, 국소재발과 환자의 생존율사이에는 의의있는 상관 관계는 없었다. 이하선과 악하선에 생긴 선양낭암의 여러 특성들과 생존률간의 univariate 분석결과 악하선에 생긴 선양낭암 환자에서 종양이 크거나 조직학상 분화가 나쁘거나(solid pattern), 경부임파절 전이와 원격전이가 생기면 예후에 나쁜 영향을 끼침이 밝혀졌다. 그러나 이하선에 생긴 경우 분석례가 너무 적어 결론을 내리기에 불충분하였다. 원발부위에 따른 선양낭암 환자들의 특성을 chi-square 검정법을 이용하여 통계학적으로 분석한 결과 이 두군간에는 의의있는 통계학적 차이는 발견할 수 없었다.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
• /
• v.131
• /
• pp.273-301
• /
• 2014

This study aims to reconstruct Leibniz's theodicy. Theodicy is to defense of the highest wisdom of the creator against the charge which reason brings against it for whatever is the evil in the world. For this defense, Leibniz created his own new kind of concepts: the principle of sufficient reason, the principle of perfection, the best of all possible worlds, moral necessity. Leibniz's theodicy is developed as following. Most good and wisest God created this world freely by moral necessity. God's will was to choose the goods antecedently. But God's will could not create goods only. For God's final purpose is to create the best. For this reason, it happens that the evils may come about by concomitance, and as a result of other greater goods. Therefore the evils are necessary in the world. And evil consists in imperfection. Man has free will as God. Freedom, according to Leibniz, consists in intelligence, which involves a clear knowledge of the object of deliberation. Man has freedom, but man's freedom is imperfect. Evil is originated in man's imperfect freedom.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.325-331
• /
• 1996

Purpose : To assess the functional change of salivary gland, recovery of salivary destruction, difference of susceptibility to irradiation between the parotid and sub-mandibular gland, correlation between the xerostomia and excretory rate by irradiation in salivary scan using $^{99m}Tc$-pertechnetate in patients with head and neck cancer. Materials and Methods : We evaluated 19 patients with head and neck cancer who had taken $^{99m}Tc$-pertechnetate salivary gland scan before, during and after radiotherapy. We measured the uptake of radioactivity every 5 minutes for 60 minutes after injection of $^{99m}Tc$-pertechnetate(370MBq). We also evaluated the first excretory function stimulated by 5% citric acid at 30 minutes after injection of $^{99m}Tc$-pertechnetate and then the second excretory function stimulated by 10% citric acid at 45 minutes. Results : The mean uptake curves showed a sharp increase at the 1st week of radiotherapy and then showed a gradual decrease afterwards during radiotherapy. And the mean uptake curves after radiotherapy Persistently decreased on follow up scans without being recovered. The excretory rates decreased gradually as radiation dose increased and were not recovered after radiotherapy. Our study was not satisfactory enough to show the difference of susceptibility to irradiation between the parotid and salivary gland and the correlation between the symptom of xerostomia and the change of the excretory rates. Conclusion : The parotid and submandibular gland scans using $^{99m}Tc$-pertechnetate are useful in the assessment of the functional change of the salivary gland by radiotherapy and predicted the functional change of the salivary gland until 1 year-follow up scan.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.215-224
• /
• 2001

서울대학교 치과병원 구강진단과에 구강건조증을 주소로 내원한 환자중 비자극 전타액 분비율이 0.2ml/min이하인 환자 40명과 구강건조증의 증상 및 징후가 없고 정상 타액분비율을 보이는 10명을 대상으로 비자극 전타액 분비율을 측정하고 타액선 스캔 검사를 실시하여 주타액선의 스캔 영상을 정량화한 후 이의 상관관계를 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 구강건조증 환자군 및 정상 대조군에서 타액선 스캔 영상의 정량적 분석시 이하선 및 악하선 모두에서 좌우측 사이의 유의성 있는 차이가 없었다. 2. 타액선 스캔 영상의 정량적 분석시 구강건조증 환자군은 대조군에 비하여 악하선, 이하선 및 악하선의 합, 양측 악하선 합에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 3. 대조군에서 타액선 스캔 영상의 정량적 수치와 비자극 전타액 분비율과는 유의성 있는 상관관계가 관찰되지 않았으나, 구강건조증 환자군에서는 유의성 있는 상관관계가 관찰되었다. 4. 구강건조증 환자군을 비자극성 전타액 분비율에 따라 세분하였을 때, 비자극 전타액 분비의 감소가 극심하여 그 측정이 불가능하였던 군은 대조군 및 나머지 구강건조증 환자군에 비하여 타액선 스캔 영상의 정량적 수치에서 유의한 차이를 보였다.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.103-109
• /
• 2007

The ultrastructure of submandibular gland was examined in the Korean spider shrew, Sorex caecutiens. The submandibular gland wat composed of acini and salivary ducts. A submadibular acinus was a mixed gland having serous demilune cells and mucous cells that were filled with well developed rER, mitochondria and large amount of dense secretory granules. Serous acinar granules were oval shape without distinct limiting membrane on the border and it had only coarse specks with various density. Mucous acinar granules were oval shape without distinct limiting membrane and had a variety pattern with several thin or transparent bands into the homogeneous dense matrix. Thus submandibular acinar granules of S. caecutiens belonging to subfamily Soricinae were distinct from the other mammalian species including Crocidurinae, because of the absence of limiting membrane of acinar granules and specific pattern of mucous acinar granules. Granular duct cells had large amount of small granular vesicles and several characteristic structures of granule which were revered with stratified limiting membranes and filled with coarse serous-like granule or homogeneous matrix.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
• /
• no.48
• /
• pp.253-287
• /
• 2012

This research aimed to discuss the necessity of education and evil through perspective of Sunja and Hannah Arendt. In case of Sunja, it was reviewed by his opinion about Sunja as the central figure. As for Arendt, it was researched with "Eichmann in Jerusalem" as the central figure which she wrote participating in the trial process of Eichmann who was a war criminal of Nazi. Sunja thought evil as the nature of people and understood that they all are originally selfish, envious, and seeking desire. Therefore, Sunja thought it is important to properly seek human desire. He claimed Haw Seong Gi Wi(化性起僞, changing evil human nature into goodness through manner) which changes human nature from evil to goodness. A teacher who leads evil into goodness is surely needed in the process of Haw Seong Gi Wi. At the same time, in the dimension of educational content it put stress on the role of Ye(禮, manner) which lets them realize discernment so that they properly seek human desire and Ak(樂, harmony) which harmoniously controls human emotion, and key point on education regarding Ye and Ak. As for Arendt, however, she recognized evil as normal one. Even though he thought that conforming the order of superior authority was the best value and then took evil of killing many Jews in thoughtlessness, Eichmann maintained that he did not take evil but only conformed the order. This way, people could take evil in thoughtlessness in totalitarianism, and it makes circumstance that they could not take goodness. Therefore they could take evil in thoughtlessness and experience the radical evil and the banality of evil. Accordingly, political praxis which guarantees people's plurality as the words and praxis is needed. It is named natality because the truth that they are born in this world is a starting point, and makes the essence of education. In this process, teachers have to be a representative of this generation for children as new social members, and be able to keep children's newness. Sunja and Arendt have the same equality and difference in that they referred to the necessity of education to overcome human evil. It is the same quality that goodness could recover the function of community and the practice of education is considered important in the goal of education and the dimension of directivity. It is different in methodical characteristic of education that Arendt, however, suggests praxis as the way that they express themselves in totalitarianism while Sunja thought that continuous practice piling up virtue for goodness is important.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.186-190
• /
• 1995

타석증을 동반한 만성 악하선 타액선염의 경우 악하선 적출은 일반적인 치료 방법이다. 일반적으로 악하선 적출술은 수술의 용이성, 수술시야의 확보 등의 장점으로 구강외접근에 의해서 시행되어져 왔다. 그러나 시대적으로 심미적인 요구가 증대되고 있는 요즈음 구외 접근으로 인한 술후 반흔은 구외접근법의 가장 결정적인 단점이라 할 수 있다. 또한 설하선과 함께 적출하여야 할 경우 구내접근과 구외접근을 동시에 실시할 경우 술후 치유과정상의 후유증을 유발할 수도 있다. 반면에 구강내 접근에 의한 악하선의 적출은 수술상의 고도의 난이도로 수술자체의 어려움은 있으나 구강의 반흔을 남기지 않아 심미적으로 만족할 만한 결과를 얻을 수 있다. 이에 본 저자 등은 타석증을 동반한 악하선 타액선염의 환자에 있어 구내 접근으로 악하선 및 설하선 적출술을 시행하여 좋은 결과를 얻었기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.127-135
• /
• 2018

Men are ambivalent since they have good and evil at the same time. To concretize this evil further, men created symbolic icons of evil with formative elements by giving shape to it. Thus, this researcher would investigate and analyze the concept of evil and the formativeness appearing when the essence of humans' evil is expressed as symbolic icons. For this purpose, items for the classification of formativeness were constructed, and questionnaires were prepared to draw the results of an analysis as follows. As for the type of composition, symbolic icons of evil were expressed by pictures or signs, rather than letters. The objects of expression were characters and animals in myths. As for the layout, most were expressed in a radial shape. As for the method of description, most were in the forms of simplicity and complexity, and as for the outer form, most were circles. It was noted that the symbolic icons in which items with these types of composition had high scores, were drawn, used and developed in formative relations with each other.