• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.272-286
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• 2023

Garlic sprouts can provide data on functional and food processing materials. This study compared the leaves, bulbs, and roots of garlic sprouts grown on smart farms during two growth periods (20 and 25 days). In addition, data for garlic bulbs grown in open fields were presented as reference materials. All garlic sprouts' total free sugar content decreased as the growth period increased. All plant parts' total organic acid content decreased as the growth period progressed, except for the root section. Potassium, phosphorus, and sulfur content increased during growth in all parts of the garlic sprouts. Alliin content decreased in all parts of the plant over time, whereas thiosulfinate content increased in the roots but decreased in the leaves and bulbs. Total polyphenol content increased in all parts of the plant during the growth period, except for the bulb, whereas the flavonoid content did not change significantly over time. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylben-zothiazoline 6-sulfonate) (ABTS) free radical scavenging activities, as well as the superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of garlic sprouts were 37.45-65.47%, 59.12-89.81%, and 89.52-98.59%, respectively. These activities tend to decrease during the growth period. Here, we showed that garlic sprouts have higher levels of functional substances and physiological activities than general garlic sprouts. It was also determined that a growth period of 20 days was suitable for garlic sprouts. Data for research on functional and food-processing materials can be obtained by analyzing garlic sprouts produced by smart farms.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.144-150
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• 2014

Yams (Dioscorea spp), which are edible or medicinal tuber crops, are a important crop in South Korea. Yams require a high level of soil fertility. The various cultural practices such as fertilizing and plowing were tested for marketable tuber production in Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita). Tuber yield was also affected by organic matters in soil. Application higher level of organic matters result in increased each tuber weight and tuber yield per unit area. The nutrient absorption quantity of the plant such as nitrogen, phosphoric acid, calcium and potassium was increased from 100~120 days after planting, which time to begin tuber enlargement. The tuber yield was increased when the fertilization increased in quantity. Total yield and marketable ratio were the highest in 31~32 kg/10a of nitrogen fertilizer. From above result, income become larger with increase of marketable yield and quality improvement at 63% (27 kg/10a) level of conventional N fertilization (43 kg/10a). The tuber yield was not significantly different between with in various application level of potash fertilizer. Tuber size and weight decreased accordingly to decreased fertilizing level, so the rates of small tubers increased greatly at cultivation without chemical fertilizer. In considering the accumulation rates of allantoin in Chinese yam tubers, the apt harvest season was after October. The allantoin quantity of it was not influenced with nitrogen fertilizing. Moreover it was advantageous with decrease of chemical fertilizer and appropriate fertilizing in soil environment protection. Commercial tuber's number and yield were increased in trenching before planting with trencher compared with rotavating with tractor.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 1989

The Quality characteristics of pH, ginsenosides, fatty acid, phenolic compounds were studied for their changes during growth of Candia parapsilosis. The yeast growth not only scarcely affected the total amount of saponins and ginsenosidvs of recd ginseng tail root extract, but also was not affected by the saponin C. pnrapsilosis did not utilize the ginsenosides as a carbon source. Glucose, fructose and free sugars were utilized in the initial phase of growth, whereas sucrose and maltose were used as the growth continued and completely redured after 43 hours of incubation. Unsaturated fatty acids were significantly reduced with cell growth, showing a relationship between unsaturated fatty acid content and the yeast growth, whereas the amount of saturate[1 tatty acids in red ginseng extract was not affected by the yeast growth. Generally, there were no changes in major organic acids and phenolic compounds (vanillie acid , m-coumaric acid) except the 50% reduction in maltol and ferulic acid in the ginseng extract. The amounts of amlno acids were gradually decreased, but that of arginine was remarkably reduced.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.351-356
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• 2021

Changing environmental conditions can affect plant growth by influencing water and nutrient transport and photosynthesis. Plant physiological responses under changing environmental conditions can be non-destructively monitored using electrodes as plant induced electrical signal (PIES). Objective of the study was to monitor PIES in response to increased CO₂ and decreased photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). The PIES increased during day time when transpiration and photosynthesis occurs and monitored CO₂ concentration was negatively correlated to the PIES. Enhanced CO₂ concentration slightly reduced PIES, but the effect of increased CO₂ was limited by light intensity. The effect of reduced PPFD was not appeared immediately because water and nutrient transport was not promptly affected by the light. The study was conducted to evaluate short-term effect of increasing CO₂ and decreasing PPFD, hence proline content and chlorophyll fluorescence was not significantly affected by the conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1296-1303
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• 2014

This study was conducted to develop predictive models for the growth of Bacillus cereus on carrot treated with slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAcEW) and ultrasonication (US) at different storage temperatures. In addition, the inactivation of B. cereus by US with SAcEW was investigated. US treatment with a frequency of 40 kHz and an acoustic energy density of 400 W/L at $40^{\circ}C$ for 3 min showed the maximum reduction of 2.87 log CFU/g B. cereus on carrot, while combined treatment of US (400 W/L, $40^{\circ}C$, 3 min) with SAcEW reached to 3.1 log CFU/g reduction. Growth data of B. cereus on carrot treated with SAcEW and US at different temperatures (4, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and $35^{\circ}C$) were collected and used to develop predictive models. The modified Gompertz model was found to be more suitable to describe the growth data. The specific growth rate (SGR) and lag time (LT) obtained from the modified Gompertz model were employed to establish the secondary models. The newly developed secondary models were validated using the root mean square error, bias factor, and accuracy factor. All results of these factors were in the acceptable range of values. After compared SGR and LT of B. cereus on carrot, the results showed that the growth of B. cereus on carrot treated with SAcEW and US was slower than that of single treatment. This result indicates that shelf life of carrot treated with SAcEW and US could be extended. The developed predictive models might also be used to assess the microbiological risk of B. cereus infection in carrot treated with SAcEW and US.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.806-813
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• 2000

Attempts were made to evaluate possibilities of adding water soluble chitosan to milk for improving functionality of milk, and physico-chemical and sensory properties of chitosan added milk were studied. pH and acidity of milk with ethyl alcohol washed chitosan were close to those of control. Color and consistency of chitosan added milk were better with chitosan of lower molecular weight than with high molecular weight. Chitosan of high molecular weight resulted in increased consistency and browning of milk. Milk with less than 1.0% chitosan could be sterilized at $73^{\circ}C$ for 15 sec. with minimum protein coagulation and increase of consistency. Low molecular weight chitosan$(MW\;0.2{\sim}3\;kDa)$ accelerated the growth of Bifidobacterium bifidum, showing 10 times more cell population after 32 hrs incubation. Sensory tests showed that adding chitosan to the regular city milk resulted in significant difference in color and chemical off-flavor(p<0.05). When chitosan was added to coffee milk, there was no significant difference in sensory quality from control. The storage test showed that pH, acidity, consistency and color of coffee milk with 0.5% chitosan did not change markedly during 30 days storage at 0 and $5^{\circ}C$, but changed rapidly after 16days storage at $10^{\circ}C$. Bacterial counts increased when storage temperature was high, and the growth of bacteria was delayed in coffee milk with chitosan.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.216-220
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• 2002

This study was conducted to know the change pattern of chemical components, especially proximate constituents, saponin and free sugars in roots of 4-year ginseng according to different harvesting time, and to find out the optimum harvesting time on the basis of chemical components in fourth year ginseng root. The crude protein content was 20.77% of the highest on the April (shootinzg stage),13.13% of the lowest on the June among all growing stages, and was constant at 17% after the August. But crude oil and fiber contents showed the highest value on the May (flowering stage). The content of total sugars which was the largest constituent among the chemical components in ginseng root was in the range of 60~7(1% during the all growing stages. It showed the highest value of 7l% on the June, but the lowest of 60% on the May. The total free sugar contents was the highest on the April (20.40%), but the lowest on the May (11.89%). The change pattern of sucrose contents (10.96-19.60%) was same as the total sugars contents (11.89-20.40%), on the other hand, the contents of glucose and maltose were not changed significantly during all harvesting times. The contents of crude saponins and total ginsenosides had the value of 7.60% and 4.09% on the May, respectively. That was statistically significant, but the other harvesting times were not. Therefore, on the basis of the only chemical characteristics in the four year-old ginseng root, we suggest that the harvesting on the May at flowering stage was most proper time.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.405-414
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• 2021

This study predicted waxy corn harvest date in South Korea using 30-year (1991-2020) hindcasts (1-6 month lead) produced by the Pusan National University Coupled General Circulation Model (PNU CGCM)-Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) chain. To estimate corn harvest date, the cumulative temperature is used, which accumulated the daily observed and predicted temperatures from the seeding date (5 April) to the reference temperature (1,650~2,200℃) for harvest. In terms of the mean air temperature, the hindcasts with a bias correction (20.2℃) tends to have a cold bias of about 0.1℃ for the 6 months (April to September) compared to the observation (20.3℃). The harvest date derived from bias-corrected hindcasts (DOY 187~210) well simulates one from observation (DOY 188~211), despite a slight margin of 1.1~1.3 days. The study shows the possibility of obtaining the gridded (5 km) daily temperature and corn harvest date information based on the cumulative temperature in advance for all regions of South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.6_1
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• pp.1483-1490
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• 2023

We analyzed the potential for joint utilization of Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) satellite imagery Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in crop assessment, considering the aging of MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellites. Over 11 years from 2012 to 2022, we examined the characteristics of NDVI changes in corn and soybean cultivation areas in Illinois, USA. VIIRS and MODIS satellite imagery NDVI exhibited a high correlation coefficient of over 0.98. However, during periods of rapid crop growth or decline, VIIRS NDVI showed values approximately 0.12 to 0.14 higher than MODIS. Estimating crop anomaly classes based on NDVI, we observed similar trends in corn and soybean crop anomaly classes in 2018 and 2019. However, in 2022, there appeared to be a significant divergence in crop anomaly classes, suggesting the need for further investigation. The correlation coefficients between MODIS and VIIRS satellite imagery NDVI and corn and soybean yields were consistently high, exceeding 0.8, indicating the potential for quantity estimation using both MODIS and VIIRS satellite imagery. Specifically, for VIIRS NDVI, excluding the increasing trend in crop quantity estimation for soybeans enhanced the correlation, and compared to MODIS, it showed a consistently high correlation with quantity from approximately 16 days earlier, indicating the potential for early estimation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.65-73
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• 2011

기후변화는 에너지 수지와 물 수지의 변화를 초래하여 육상 생물권에 영향을 미칠 것이다. 기온과 강수량의 변화와 대기중의 탄산가스 농도 변화는 작물의 생육환경을 크게 변화시킬 것이다. 본 연구에서는 FAO AquaCrop 모형을 이용하여 기온과 강수량의 변화와 대기중 탄산가스 농도의 변화가 짐바브웨의 옥수수 수확량에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 미래 기후 값은 HadCM3 모형 예측 값을 change factor 기법으로 상세화 하였다. 배출 시나리오는 A2와 B2를 선정하였으며 시간대는 2020s, 2050s 및 2080s의 30년 기간을 선정하였다. 기준작물 증발산량은 Penman-Monteith 식으로 산정하였다. 관개용수 공급이 충분한 것으로 가정하고 전통적인 보충관개를 실시하였을 때 기준년도 (1970s)에 비해 옥수수 증발산량은 최대 26 %, 옥수수 잠재 수확량은 최대 93 %까지 증가할 것으로 예측되었으며 물의 생산성은 최대 53 %까지 증가할 것으로 예측되었다.