• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.399-416
• /
• 2017

The 'Wat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape' of Laos was designated as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage in 2001. The uppermost structure of the Sanctuary in Wat Phou has been destroyed and being variably damaged, maintenance is required through scientific and systematic diagnosis. The Sanctuary of Wat Phou was constructed mainly using sandstones and bricks. There are physical damages including fracture, break out, exfoliation and interval as well as biological damages by lichen, mosses and weeds. According to the ultrasonic velocity measurement and property evaluation of the sandstones of the Sanctuary in Wat Phou, weathering index of the eastern side sandstones is 0.10 to 0.74 (mean 0.36), showing MW grade. Southern and northern side sandstones have relatively higher properties with average weathering indices of 0.30 and 0.32. The results of slope analysis of the Sanctuary, indicated that the 4th spot in the southern side has the largest slope of $5^{\circ}W$, seemingly due to the unstable ground around the Sanctuary. Based on the relative level measurement and past drawings, the Sanctuary is verified to have been located on ground with a certain slope rather than flatland. The ground of the southern side is inclined $1.51^{\circ}$ more than that of the northern side, which will affect the structural stability of the temple. The interval width of the selected southern spot is the largest with an average width of 159.5 mm, and the largest width is 328.3 mm at the top, since the width increases above rather than below, seemingly due to the unequal subsidence of the ground. Constant maintenance for conservation is required for the structural stability of the Sanctuary in Wat Phou, which was partly collapsed and has also suffered physical damage.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.111-123
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the time-elapse change of oil-polluted Taean coastal area with by Herbei Spirit oil spill incident. From Mandae of Iwonmeyon to Padori beach of Sowonmeyon, field monitering was conducted at eleven surveying points surveying. The specific conclusions from this study are as follows. The residual oil was not founded at ten surveying points, but the crude oil remained under the ground at the Groompo beach one year passed since the oil spill. Because the efforts of volunteers over millionaires and inhabitants for cleaning and reciprocating actions of waves, the oil-polluted coastal area by Herbei Spirit oil spill incident. It is guessed that a part of stranded oil spilled from the incident was degraded by physical, chemical, and biological weathering and the residue was dispersed in tidal and subtidal zone with oil-minerals aggregates(OMA).

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.33-41
• /
• 2016

This study attempted to investigate drain capacity and vegetation potential of made-planting soil via finite element simulations. Engineering drain capacity of made-planting soil can be evaluated by an analysis of unsaturated soils. In a perspective for vegetation landscape, it is necessary to check whether the minimum amount of water in the made-planting soil can be supplied for the survival of plants. Herein, 1-m high soil column covered by made-planting soil were numerically simulated. Numerical results showed that how the coefficient of permeability of saturated soil and soil-water characteristics of unsaturated soil are considered significantly influences the drain capacity of soils. Variation in the volumetric water content within the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) provides us with information on whether the soil can contain a sufficient amount of water for the plants to survive the drought.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.377-394
• /
• 1998

The magnetic record of loess deposits may be one of the most detailed and useful records of Quatermary climate change on the continents. Stratigraphic variations of magnetic parameters define alternating zones of high and low concentrations of magnetic minerals. All the concentration-sensitive magnetic parameters show an increase within the interstadial Gilman Canyon Formation and interglacial Brady soil and a systematic decrease within the Wisconsinan Peoria loess. The influence of climate change on magnetic records is confirmed by a high correlation between the magnetic parameters and biological proxies. Rock magnetic data appear to be better correlated with temperature-sensitive biological proxies than does a precipitation-sensitive index such as the aridity index derived from opal phytoliths. Simultaneous, higher resolution sampling of magnetic and biological proxies proved to be a better sampling tactic, and enhanced the feasibility of rock magnetic parameters as independent climate proxies.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.169-179
• /
• 2012

Microbiological calcium carbonate precipitation (MCCP) is being applied for the aesthetic restoration of cement buildings destroyed by biochemical processes and to block water penetration into the cement's inner structure. After determining the advantages of this technique, many related studies in the area of architecture concerning the application of microorganisms to improve construction material have been reported in both America and Europe. The techniques compatibility with cement material is especially interesting because of the needed screening of various calcium carbonate forming-bacteria and the required development of their application methods. The purpose of this review is to describe the mechanism of MCCP and related researches with eco-friendly construction materials. Mainly, we describe the methodological studies focused on biodeposition on the surface of building materials and the research trends concerning the addition of microorganisms to improve the durability of cement structures. Additionally, the concepts and technical aspects focused on the development of self-healing smart concrete, with the use of multi-functional bacteria, have been considered.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.38 no.5
• /
• pp.61-71
• /
• 2022

Soil color is used to determine soil classification and its physical, chemical, and biological properties. Visual determination is the most commonly used method for identifying soil color. However, it is subjective and, in many cases, non-repeatable. Digital image processing obtains useful information from digital images, accelerates soil classification, and enables the rapid identification of soil types in a field. This study develops a digital image processing-based soil color analysis technology that can consider irregular light conditions in the field. The digital image studio was designed to simulate the characteristics of natural light (illuminance and color temperature). Also, digital images of two soil samples (Jumoonjin sand and Anseong weathered soil) were captured under 12 different light conditions. For the RGB and CIELAB color systems, soil color intensities of 24 images were obtained using digital image processing. CIELAB was suitable for dealing with irregular light conditions in the field.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2022.05a
• /
• pp.95-95
• /
• 2022

남극에 상주하는 여러 과학기지 근처 해역에서 5 mm 이하의 크기를 가지는 미세플라스틱이 다량 발견되고 있으며, 그에 따라 과학기지에서 방출하는 방류수가 미세플라스틱의 지역 소스로 여겨지고 있다. 현재는 미세플라스틱의 오염 수준을 이해하는 정도에서 그쳤으며, 미세플라스틱의 물리적인 운송 메커니즘을 이해하고자 하는 시도는 상대적으로 부족한 실정이다. 남극 세종과학기지 근처에서도 미세플라스틱이 발견됨에 따라 본 연구에서는 과학기지 인근인 마리안 소만(Marian Cove)에서의 미세플라스틱 운송 메커니즘을 확인하고자 한다. 연구 대상 지역에서 미세플라스틱의 체류 시간은 짧기 때문에, 미세플라스틱에 생물오손 또는 풍화작용이 일어나기에는 충분하지 않은 시간이다. 따라서, 마리안 소만에서 발견된 미세플라스틱에 대해 연직 속도에 따라 확실히 가라앉는 그룹과 확실히 떠오르는 그룹으로 나누어 입자의 이송 메커니즘을 파악하였다. 해수 유동 모델과 파랑 모델을 결합하여 마리안 소만의 해수 흐름을 재현하였으며, 과학기지 방류 구 위치에서 방출된 미세플라스틱의 이송 경로는 라그랑지안 입자 추적(Lagrangian Particle Tracking) 방법을 이용하였다. 본 연구에서는 미세플라스틱의 궤적을 설명하기 위해 입자의 이송에 영향을 주는 힘을 결정할 수 있는 무차원 수 HK angle을 제안하였으며, 이를 이용하여 마리안 소만에서의 미세플라스틱 이송을 설명하였다. 대상 해역 내에서 확실히 떠오르는 그룹은 표층 흐름을 따라 해안선에 도달하였으며, 확실히 가라앉는 그룹은 방출 직후 빠르게 가라 앉으며 방출 위치 근처인 해저에 집적되었다. HK angle에 따르면, 마리안 소만의 연직 흐름이 강할 경우에는 미세플라스틱의 특성에 관계없이 해수 흐름을 따라 이송됨을 확인하였다. 더 나아가, 조석에 따라 미세플라스틱의 방출 시간을 달리하고, 방출 위치를 달리하여 모의함으로써 마리안 소만과 같이 작은 만에서 미세플라스틱 오염도를 줄이기 위한 적절한 방류수 방출 시간 및 위치를 제안하였다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.417-427
• /
• 2010

The Lankawi archipelago is located in 30 km western offshore near the Thailand-Malaysia border in west coast of the Malay Peninsula and consists of 99 (+5) tropical islands, covering an area of about $479km^2$. Together with biodiversity in flora and fauna, the Lankawi archipelago displays also geodiversity that includes rock diversity, landform diversity, and fossil diversity. These biodiversity and geodiversity have led to the Lankawi islands as a newly emerging hub for ecotourism in Southeast Asia. As a result, the Lankawi islands have been designated the first Global Geopark in Southeast Asia by UNESCO since July 1st, 2007. The geodiversity of Lankawi Geopark today is a result of a very long depositional history under the various sedimentological regimes and paleoenvironments during the Paleozoic, followed by tectonic and magmatic activities until the early Mesozoic, and finally by surface processes that etched to the present beautiful landscape. Paleozoic strata exposed in the Lankawi Geopark are subdivided into four formations that include the Machinchang (Cambrian), Setul (Ordovician to Early Devonian), Singa (Late Devonian to Carboniferous), and Chuping (Permian) formations in ascending order. These strata are younging to the east, but they are truncated by the Kisap Thrust in the eastern part of the islands. Top-to-the-westward transportation of the Kisap Thrust has brought the older Setul Formation (and possibly Machinchang Formation) from the east to overlay the younger Chuping and Singa formations in the central axis of the Lankawi islands. Triassic Gunung Raya Granite intruded into these sedimentary strata, and turned them partially into various types of contact metamorphic rocks that locally contain tin mineral deposits. Since Triassic, not much geologic records are known for the Lankawi islands. Tropical weathering upon rocks of the Lankawi islands might have taken place since the Early Jurassic and continues until the present. This weathering process played a very important role in producing beautiful landscapes of the Lankawi islands today.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.387-393
• /
• 2015

Damages of wooden cultural heritages caused by various bio-species have been a trend that is increasing on climate change. The decay and bio-damage caused by microbial organisms or insect species are also known to factors of the shape changes and structural problems of wooden cultural heritages. There are so many phenomenons of damage and weathering in wooden cultural heritage for many years and particularly termite can threaten seriously wooden cultural heritage. We investigated with respect to internal and external environment and termite inhabitation around the wooden cultural heritage in Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do, and Jeju-do. As this investigation results, we confirmed that there were the difference in between resident and non-resident about temperature, humidity, moisture contents of wooden building. Resident building is high temperature but humidity and moisture contents is low and these factors are sources of inhabitation condition change about insects as termites. Now we suggest to carry out in parallel to the target wooden cultural heritage and the surrounding habitat for wooden cultural heritage termite damage investigation. Also with the chemical control methods, we must consider necessary to present eco-friendly control management such as construction of heating facilities, residential status, periodic management.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.118-131
• /
• 2018

The forest vegetation of Juwangsan National Park, which is famous for its towering scenic valleys, was syntaxonomically described. The study adopted the $Z{\ddot{u}}rich$-Montpellier School's method emphasizing a matching between species composition and habitat conditions. A combined cover degree and the r-NCD (relative net contribution degree) were used to determine a performance of 265 plant species listed-up in a total of 52 phytosociological $relev{\acute{e}}s$. Nine plant communities were classified through a series of table manipulations, and their distribution and actual homotoneity($H_{act}$) were analyzed. Syntaxa described were Carex gifuensis-Quercus mongolica community, Athyrium yokoscense-Quercus mongolica communiy, Arisaema amurense-Quercus serrata community, Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tomentella-Quercus variabilis community, Tilia rufa-Quercus dentata community, Carex ciliatomarginata-Carpinus laxiflora community, Aristolochia manshuriensis-Zelkova serrata community, Onoclea orientalis-Fraxinus mandshurica community, and Carex humilis var. nana-Pinus densiflora community. A zonal distribution was reviewed and the altitude of about 700 m was the transition zone between the cool-temperate central montane zone (Lindero-Quercenion mongolicae region) and southern submontane zone (Callicarpo-Quercenion serratae region). Only 19 taxa were associated with r-NCD 10% or more, most of which were tree species occurring in the Lindero-Quercenion and some of which was a member of open forests. Species composition of forest vegetation was much less homogeneous, showing the lowest $H_{act}$. Nearly natural forests and/or secondary forests in the Juwangsan National Park were defined as a regional vegetation type, which reflects much stronger continental climate in the Daegu regional bioclimatic subdistrict, rhyolitic tuff predominant, and wildfire interference.