• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.45-53
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• 2020

With the increasing attention of the international community on climate change and biodiversity promotion programmes, the Korean government and public agencies are trying to protect and restore the ecosystem of areas protected by law, such as waterfronts, by acquiring private land. However, the inadequate purchase system has caused various problems. In this study, an efficient and systematic land purchase system was developed through ecological evaluation, focusing on the ecological and landscape conservation areas of the Donggang basin. The ecological evaluation was developed by integrating parcel-level evaluation and regional-specific evaluation, and the overall level of ecological function was established and finalized through on-site verification. As a result of verifying the purchase land of 88 parcels, it showed a relatively high agreement of more than 85.2%, and the rest of parcels (non-agreement) were considered to have had an impact on vegetation, crop harvesting, etc. due to seasonal differences in ecological evaluation and field verification. The purchasing system was ranked according to the ecological evaluation grade based on the endangered species and the distance from the core ecosystem. As a result, the purchase priority was systematically drawn up to the 5th rank for a total of 68 parcels for the private lands of Geoeun-ri, Munsan-ri, Deokcheon-ri, Unchi-ri, Gumam-ri, and Suji-ri. This study is expected to contribute to the preservation, restoration and ecological management of purchased land in the protected area in the future by establishing and proposing a systematic land purchase system based on ecological evaluation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.612-616
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• 2007

오랫동안 홍수조절, 용수공급, 전력생산, 레저 활동을 위해 건설된 댐들은 하천이나 호소의 생태적 기능보다는 치수 및 이수기능이 중요시되면서 운영 관리되어 왔다. 하지만 최근 들어 선진국을 중심으로 환경 및 생태의 중요성이 인식되면서 하천생태계 보호를 위한 환경유량 산정이 언급되고 있는데 이는 하천이 동 식물의 서식처로서 적절한 수질뿐만 아니라 수심, 유속, 하상재료, 먹이원, 어류를 보호할 수 있는 휴식 및 은신처 등의 다양한 조건을 제공할 수 있어야 한다고 제시되고 있다. 이들 조건 중 유량(Flow)은 하천에서 생물집단을 구성하는데 있어 물리적 서식조건의 주요한 결정인자로 작용하는데, 댐 하류하천의 자연유량(natural flow)을 변화시키면 생태학적 측면에서 기대치 않던 영향을 야기할 수 있다. 따라서 댐 건설 전 후의 자연유량과 조절유량 사이에서 생태학적 어류조사연구를 통한 차이점을 찾는 것은 매우 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구의 최종목적은 수계 내 댐 건설 전 후의 어류군집과 유량 등 수리조건과의 연관성을 분석하여 하천구간별로 어류생태에 적합한 유량을 산정하는 것이다. 조사대상 구간은 금강본류를 대상으로 하되 용담댐과 대청댐을 중심으로 하여 10개 구간을 선정하였고. 과거로부터 2000년도까지와 용담댐 건설후인 $2002{\sim}2004$년도에 조사된 어류생태자료를 활용하였다. 용담댐 상류로부터 대청댐 하류에 이르기까지 전 구간을 대상으로 조사된 자료를 분석한 결과 총 20과 82종이 출현하였고, 이중 종 45종(54.9%)이 잉어과에 해당하며 미꾸리과(6종), 동자개과(4종), 망둑어과(5종)를 제외한 대다수의 분류군(Family)들은 단일 또는 2종으로만 구성되었다. 이들 중 천연기념물 제 259호로 지정되어 법적으로 보호되고 있는 어름치(금강에서 서식한 어름치를 따로 천연기념물 238호로 지정함)를 비롯하여 다묵장어를 포함한 7종의 멸종위기종이 확인되었다. 또한 각시붕어 등 총 29종(39.4%)의 높은 한국고유종 출현과 6종의 외래도입종도 확인되었다. 금강의 중 상류에 해당하는 구역을 포함하는 대청댐 상 하류 구간에서 대청댐 건설 전(1980년 이전)을 포함하는 2000년 이전 조사 자료가 가장 다양한 어류상과 특이어종(멸종위기종 및 한국고유종)을 보였고, 최근자료$(2002{\sim}2004)$를 살펴볼 때 용담댐 상 하류에서보다 대청댐 상 하류에서 멸종위기종(7종$\rightarrow$1종) 및 한국고유종(28종$\rightarrow$16종)의 출현감소와 외래도입종의 출현증가(1종$\rightarrow$6종)와 같은 주요한 어류군집 변화를 보였다. 이는 댐 건설에 따라 주로 계류성 어종을 중심으로 정수역 구간에서 인근 지류로 이동하게 되고 일부는 제한된 서식공간과 하천교란으로 인해 개체군이 극감하거나 일부 소멸된 종이 발생하였을 것으로 사료된다. 실측 유량자료 분석에 의하면 홍수기 최대유량 변화는 크지 않으나, 갈수기 최소유량은 크게 증가한 것을 알 수 있었고, 대다수 어류의 산란기인 봄철(5월, 6월) 최소유량은 증가하였으나, 최대유량은 감소한 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 변화는 어류생태계에 긍정적인 면과 부정적인 면이 있으며, 향후 이러한 영향을 분석하기 위해 선택어종(Target species)별 생태환경 서식조건을 확인할 수 있는 조사기법 및 자료구축이 절실히 필요한 실정이다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.160-168
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• 2019

This study aimed to determine whether double-processed ginseng berry extract (PGBC) could improve learning and memory in an $A\hat{a}42$-induced Alzheimer's mouse model. Passive avoidance test (PAT) and Morris water-maze test (MWMT) were performed after mice were treated with PGBC, followed by acetylcholine (ACh) measurement and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) detection for brain damage. Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression were analyzed using Ellman's and qPCR assays, respectively. Results demonstrated that PGBC contained a high amount of ginsenosides (Re, Rd, and Rg3), which are responsible for the clearance of $A{\hat{a}} 42$. They also helped to significantly improve PAT and MWMT performance in the $A{\hat{a}} 42-induced$ Alzheimer's mouse model when compared to the normal group. Interestingly, ACh and ChAT were remarkably upregulated and AChE activities were significantly inhibited, suggesting PGBC to be a palliative adjuvant for treating Alzheimer's disease. Altogether, PGBC was found to play a positive role in improving cognitive abilities. Thus, it could be a new alternative solution for alleviating Alzheimer's disease symptoms.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.40-48
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• 2023

This study is part of a foundational research effort aimed at developing a suitability index for breeding grounds related to avian activities along the domestic South and West coasts, including islands. Focus Group Interviews (FGI) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analyses were conducted. The results are as follows. First, as a result of determining the value of the suitability of coastal bird breeding sites, the 'Natural Value(0.763)' was higher than the 'Artificial Value(0.237)'. Other artificial values were identified as sub-ranked except for 'Protected Areas' to ensure continuous integrity of breeding spaces. Second, as a result of re-establishing the 25 evaluation items classified in the two-time FGI as higher concepts, nine natural values and five artificial values were finally selected as a total of 14. Third, the results of the mid-classification evaluation of the importance of the suitability of coastal bird breeding sites were identified in the order of 'Ecological Value(0.392)', 'Topographic Value(0.251)', 'Passive Interference(0.124)', 'Geological Value(0.120)', and 'Active Interference(0.113)'. Fourth, the results of the priority of evaluation items of coastal bird breeding sites were in the order of 'Vegetation Distribution (0.187)', 'Area of Mudflats(0.118)', 'Presence or Absence of Mudflats(0.092)', 'Appearance of Natural Enemies(0.087)', 'Protected Areas(0.08)', 'Island Area (0.069)', 'Over-Breeding devastation(0.064)', 'Soil Composition Ratio(0.056)', 'Distance from Land(0.054)', 'Ocean farm area (0.045)', 'Cultivated land area(0.041)', 'Cultivation behavior(0.038)', 'Angle of the Surface(0.036)', and 'Land Use(0.033)'. It is judged that the weighting result value of the evaluation items derived in this study can be used for priority evaluation focusing on the coastal bird breeding area space. However, it seems that the correlation with the unique habitat suitability of bird individuals needs to be supplemented, and spatial analysis research incorporating species-specific characteristics will be left as a future task.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.272-287
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• 2019

The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) was established in 1953 by the Korean War Armistice Agreement. It extends from the estuary of the Imjin River, in the west, to the coast of the East Sea. It is 4 km in width and 148 km in length. However, the ecosystems of the civilian control zone (CCZ) located between the southern border of the DMZ and the civilian control line (CCL) and the CCZ in the estuary of the Han River and the Yellow Sea are similar to those in the DMZ, and, therefore, the ecosystems of the DMZ and the CCZ are collectively known as the "ecosystems of the DMZ and its vicinities." The flora in the DMZ and its vicinities is composed of 1,864 species, which accounts for about 42% of all the vascular plant species on the Korean Peninsula and its affiliated islands. Conducting a detailed survey on the vegetation, flora, and fauna in the DMZ is almost impossible due to the presence of landmines and limitations on the time allowed to be spent in the DMZ. However, to assess the environmental impact of the Munsan-Gaesong railroad reconstruction project, it was possible to undertake a limited vegetation survey within the DMZ in 2001. The vegetation in Jangdan-myeon, in Paju City within the DMZ, was very simple. It was mostly secondary forests dominated by oaks such as Quercus mongolica, Q. acutissima, and Q. variabilis. The other half of the DMZ in Jangdan-myeon was occupied by grassland composed of tall grasses such as Miscanthus sinensis, M. sacchariflorus, and Phragmites japonica. Contrary to the expectation that the DMZ may be covered with pristine mature forests due to more than 60 years of no human interference, the vegetation in the DMZ was composed of simple secondary forests and grasslands formed on former rice paddies and agricultural fields. At present, the only legal protection system planned for the DMZ is the Natural Environment Conservation Act, which ensures that the DMZ would be managed as a nature reserve for only two years following Korean reunification. Therefore, firstly, the DMZ should be designated as a site of domestic legally protected areas such as nature reserve (natural monument), scenic site, national park, etc. In addition, we need to try to designate the DMZ as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve or as a World Heritage site, or as a Ramsar international wetland for international cooperation. For nomination as a world heritage site, we can emphasize the ecological and landscape value of the wetlands converted from the former rice paddies and the secondary forests maintained by frequent fires initiated by military activities. If the two Koreas unexpectedly reunite without any measures in place for the protection of nature in the DMZ, the conditions prior to the Korean War, such as rice paddies and villages, will return. In order to maintain the current condition of the ecosystems in the DMZ, we have to discuss and prepare for measures including the retention of mines and barbed-wire fences, the construction of roads and railroads in the form of tunnels or bridges, and the maintenance of the current fire regime in the DMZ.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.327-343
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to perform community analysis and biological assessment of water quality using benthic macroinvertebrate from Wangpi-cheon watershed which is defined as conservation areas of ecosystem and landscape by ministry of environment in Korea. Field survey of the study area was carried out 2 times from June to September in 2012. As a result of the field survey, total 155 species of benthic macroinvertebrates in 74 families, 15 orders, 7 classes and 5 phyla were collected. The findings of community analysis using the classified species and individuals showed relatively low DI(Dominant Index) value of 0.22 and very high value of average H'(Diversity index) as 4.24. And the analyzed results of SI(Similarity Index) according to habitat types using functional feeding groups showed higher values of 94.51% and 93.19% respectively to tributary and main stream after the designation of conservation areas of ecosystem and landscape. These results infer that various species and lots of individual are widely distributed at Wangpi-cheon watershed and stream ecosystem of the study area is healthy and well maintained after the designation of conservation areas. And also, the calculated EPT value was 62.9% as high enough to explain the cleanness of Wangpi-cheon watershed. We evaluated environmental condition and biological water quality by using ESB(Ecological Score of Benthic macroinvertebrate community) and KSI(Korean Saprobic Index). The average evaluated ESB shows very high value of 208.2, therefore Wangpi-cheon watershed is designated as 'First priority protection waters' area and the value of KSI is 0.32 which meets the saprobic water quality standard as 'First class'.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.254-265
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• 2024

This study was conducted to investigate the vascular flora of two outstanding forest wetlands(OFW) in Goheung-gun, Jeollanam-do, and to prepare an efficient management plan for forest wetlands through comparison with previous studies. Fieldwork was conducted seasonally from May to October 2023, The flora in the two OFW located in Goheung-gun, Jeollanam-do, consisted of 117 taxa such as 55 families, 92 genera, 108 species, 7 variants, 1 variety and 1 hybrid. The endemic plants were 4 taxa and rare plants were 7 taxa. Floristic target plants were V class 2 taxa, IV class 6 taxa, III class 8 taxa, II class 4 taxa and Iclass 21 taxa. Climate change adaptation plants were 10 taxa and naturalized plants was 1 taxa. Obligate wetland plants were 16 taxa, Facultative wetland plants 10 taxa and Facultative plant 4 taxa. OFW functioning a typical wetland ecosystem in Goheung-gun had been providing habitats for a variety of rare plants, such as the Habenaria radiata and Drosera rotundifolia. But those ecosystems would be suffering a critical disturbance such as human interference, the invasion of naturalized plants, and change of wetland function through landization for a short future. Therefore we suggest those OFWs should be designated as a Forest Genetic Resource Reserve in order to keep the ecosystems permanently and to manage them more soundly and efficiently.