• Title/Summary/Keyword: 생리활성 물질

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Development of Sustainable Packaging Materials Using Coffee Silverskin and Spent Coffee Grounds: A Comprehensive Review (커피 은피와 커피찌꺼기를 활용한 지속가능한 포장소재 개발을 위한 연구동향)

  • Jihyeon Hwang;Dowan Kim
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.1-14
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    • 2024
  • As awareness of environmental issues continues to grow, there is an escalating demand for recycling and repurposing byproducts of agricultural and food production processes and their conversion to high-value products. Coffee is the most widely consumed beverage globally; during coffee beverage processing and consumption, byproducts such as coffee silverskin (CS), spent coffee grounds (SCGs), and oil are generated. Despite containing beneficial materials such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, lipids, and bioactive substances, these byproducts are typically discarded in landfills or incinerated. The utilization of CS, SCGs, and oil in the development of packaging materials holds significant potentials toward the realization of a sustainable society. To this end, considerable research efforts have been dedicated to the development of high-value materials derived from coffee byproducts, including functional fillers, polymer composites, and biodegradable polymers. Notably, CS and SCGs have been employed as functional fillers in polymer composites. Additionally, lipids extracted from SCGs have been used as plasticizers for polymers and cultured with microorganisms to produce biodegradable polymers. This review focuses on the research and development of polymer/CS and polymer/SCG composites as well as cellulose extraction and utilization from CS and SCGs and its applications, oil extraction from SCGs, and cultivation with microorganisms using extracted oil for polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA) production.

Effects of Pomace of Schizandra chinensis, Schizandrin, and Gomisin A on LPS-induced Inflammatory Responses in RAW264.7 Cells (오미자 박, schizandrin 및 gomisin A에 의한 RAW264.7 세포주에서 lipopolysaccharide로 유도된 염증 반응의 억제)

  • Seo, Yu-Mi;Kim, Hyun-Ji;Lee, Eun-Joo;Chung, Chungwook;Sung, Hwa-Jung;Sohn, Ho-Yong;Park, Jong-Yi;Kim, Jong-Sik
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.339-344
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    • 2018
  • Schizandra chinensis has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine and is known to have various bioactive components, including schizandrin and gomisin A. In the current study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activities and their working mechanisms of ethanol extracts of pomace of Schizandra chinensis (PSC), schizandrin (SZ), and gomisin A (GA). First, we analyzed the effects of PSC on nitric oxide (NO) production and cell viabilities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The results indicated that PSC dramatically reduced NO production in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner without affecting cell viabilities. PSC also decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory genes iNOS and COX-2, whereas the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ was not affected by PSC. In addition, PSC inhibited phosphorylation of p38, ERK1/2, and JNK but did not change the expression of their total protein. The results indicate that PSC can regulate LPS-induced inflammatory responses by suppressing MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling. We also analyzed the effects of SZ and GA on NO production and cell viabilities in RAW264.7 cells. The results showed that SZ and GA also decreased NO production in a dose-dependent manner in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells without affecting cell viabilities. SZ reduced the expression of iNOS, whereas GA downregulated iNOS and COX-2. Overall, these findings clarify the molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects mediated by PSC, SZ, and GA.

Composition Analysis and Antioxidative Activity from Different Organs of Cirsium setidens Nakai (부위별 고려엉겅퀴(Cirsium setidens Nakai)의 이화학적 성상 및 항산화 활성 효과)

  • Lee, Seong-Hyeon;Jin, Ying-Shan;Heo, Seong-Il;Shim, Tae-Heum;Sa, Jae-Hoon;Choi, Dae-Sung;Wang, Myeong-Hyeon
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.38 no.4
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    • pp.571-576
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    • 2006
  • In the present study, we investigated the compositions including protein, lipid, ash, carbohydrate, and minerals as well as antioxidant activity of Cirsium setidens Nakai in order to detect the biological activities and develop novel functional resources. Different organs commonly had the highest concentration of potassium among 7 minerals evaluated in this study. The leaf had K at the concentration of 5371.97 mg/100 g, while the flower, and stem, the root and the boiled leaf at the concentration of 1770.62 mg/100 g, 1983 mg/100 g, 6096.74 mg/100 g and 1604.2 mg/100 g, respectively. The monosaccharides were composed of the xylose, galactose and glucose. The xylose was only detected in the flower and stem and the galactose was only detected in the stem. DPPH scavenging activity was measured at the $88.22\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $111.19\;{\mu}g/mL$ in root and leaf at $IC_{50}$ value in ethanol extracts, while $53.27\;{\mu}g/mL$, $75.84\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $257.48\;{\mu}g/mL$ in flower, boiled leaf and stem at $IC_{50}$ value, respectively, in water extracts. These results suggest that extracts from Cirsium setidens Nakai can be potentially used as novel resources for antioxidant and biological active substances.

A study on Physiochemical Property of Salicornia herbaciea & Suaeda japonica (함초와 칠면초의 이화학적 특성 조사연구)

  • Kim, Ji-Hyeung;Song, Jea-Yong;Lee, Jea-Man;Oh, Se-Heung;Lee, Han-Jung;Choi, Hye-Jin;Go, Jong-Myeong;Kim, Yong-Hee
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.170-179
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    • 2010
  • This study was conducted to investigate for mineral contents, total polyphenol compounds, betaine, choline and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of halophyte. The mineral concentrations of Salicornia herbacea (top part) were Na 100,006 mg/kg, K 1,385 mg/kg, Mg 6,263 mg/kg, Ca 2,750 mg/kg, Fe 90.4 mg/kg, Mn 98.9 mg/kg, Zn 33.3 mg/kg, Cu 3.4 mg/kg respectively. And Suaeda Japonica (top part) were Na 85,332 mg/kg, K 710 mg/kg, Mg 7,005 mg/kg, Ca 4,344 mg/kg, Fe 1,434.9 mg/kg, Mn 119.1 mg/kg, Zn 19.2 mg/kg, Cu 2.7 mg/kg respectively. The betaine contents of Salicornia herbacea (top part) were 15.09 mg/g and Suaeda Japonica (top part) were 14.64 mg/g. The choline contents estimated by the DBAP-choline derivatives of Salicornia herbacea (top part) were 20.9 mg/100 g, Salicornia herbacea (root) were 23.4 mg/100 g, Suaeda Japonica (top part) were 23.1 mg/100g and Suaeda Japonica (root) were 23.8 mg/100 g. Total polyphenol compounds of Salicornia herbacea (top part) were high 36.0 mg/g in growth phase. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of methanol extract Salicornia herbacea (top part) were high 90.1% in growth phase. The frozen dried powder of Salicornia herbacea (top part) 1 g was equal to Quercetin 30.26 mg, Rutin 42.65 mg, TBHQ 20.32 mg, BHA 25.86 mg, BHT 40.75 mg, Ascorbic acid 22.86 mg in DPPH radical scavenging activities.

Improving the efficacy of Lespedeza cuneata ethanol extract on ultraviolet-induced photoaging (야관문 에탄올 추출물의 자외선 노출에 의한 피부 광노화 개선 효과)

  • Jung, Hee Kyoung;Choi, Mi Ok;Kim, Bae Jin;Jo, Seung Kyeung;Jeong, Yoo Seok
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.264-275
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    • 2014
  • This study evaluated the improving efficacy of Lespedeza cuneata ethanol extract on skin photoaging induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the extract were respectively $134.98{\pm}1.70$ and $16.20{\pm}0.05$ mg/g, respectively. The superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and electron-donating ability of the extract were shown to be dependent on concentration, and the antioxidant ability was shown to be more effective in superoxide anion radical scavenging activity than in electron-donating ability under the same concentration conditions. In the in vivo test conducted using hairless mouse with skin photoaging induced by UVB irradiation, the skin erythema of the groups treated with the extract (AS) reduced to 28% of the control, and the skin moisture content increased to 131%.. The extract treatment of the UV-damaged skin improved the morphological and histopathological state of the skin. Furthermore, the SOD, GST and CAT activities in the skin tissue of the AS group increased, and the XO activity and TBARS generation decreased. With regard to the genes related to the photoaging skin, the expression of PAK, p38, c-Fos, c-Jun, TNF-${\alpha}$ and MMP-3 in the skin of the AS group were found to have decreased. It was therefore concluded that Lespedeza cuneata ethanol extract can reduce wrinkle formation in the skin due to the regulation of the gene expression caused by the exposure to UVB light.

Development of Cosmetic Ingredient by Fermented Paprika Juice (파프리카 발효즙의 화장품 소재개발 연구)

  • Bae, Soo Jung;Song, Min Hyeon;Oh, Jung Young;Bae, Jun Tae;Kim, Jin Hwa;Lee, Geun Soo
    • Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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    • v.44 no.2
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    • pp.117-124
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    • 2018
  • In this study, cosmetic materials were developed using a new method of making juice through the fermentation of raw natural materials with microorganisms in order to supplement the advantages and disadvantages of an organic solvent extraction method and a microbial fermentation method. The natural products were selected from two colors (red, green) of paprika known to be rich in various colors and vitamins. The microorganisms used for fermentation were fermented by inoculating paprika with lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum) having sugar-hydrolyzed ability. First, we investigated the changes of physiologically active substances of two kinds of paprika juice and two kinds of fermented paprika juice. Total phenols content and total flavonoids content were higher in the fermented paprika juice than in the paprika juice, and especially in the fermented red paprika juice. Free radical scavenging effect and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect were also showed an excellent antioxidative effect on paprika fermented juice, among which the effect of red paprika fermentation juice was the highest. The expression of MMP-1 in fermented red paprika juice with high antioxidant activity was inhibited by concentration-dependent expression of MMP-1 mRNA and MMP-1 protein. In the glycation experiments with aging, the anti-glycation effect of fermented paprika juice was highly inhibited by the production of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which was closely related to the antioxidant effect. In addition, the activity of senescence-associated ${\beta}$-galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-gal), an indicator of cell senescence, was measured using human dermal fibroblast (HDF). The results showed that the cell senescence was inhibited when the cells were treated with fermented paprika juice. In conclusion, fermented paprika juice using lactic acid bacteria showed better antioxidative and anti-aging effects than paprika juice. Among them, fermented red paprika juice has the best antioxidant and anti-aging effect and can be applied as natural new material of antioxidant and anti-aging.

Biorefinery Based on Weeds and Agricultural Residues (잡초 및 농림부산물을 이용한 Biorefinery 기술개발)

  • Hwang, In-Taek;Hwang, Jin-Soo;Lim, Hee-Kyung;Park, No-Joong
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.340-360
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    • 2010
  • The depletion of fossil fuels, ecological problems associated with $CO_2$ emissions climate change, growing world population, and future energy supplies are forcing the development of alternative resources for energy (heat and electricity), transport fuels and chemicals: the replacement of fossil resources with $CO_2$ neutral biomass. Several options exist to cover energy supplies of the future, including solar, wind, and water power; however, chemical carbon source can get from biomass only. When used in combination with environmental friend production and processing technology, the use of biomass can be seen as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical feedstocks. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today's petroleum refinery, which produce multiple fuels and chemical products from petroleum. A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and value-added chemicals from biomass. Biorefinery is the co-production of a spectrum of bio-based products (food, feed, materials, and chemicals) and energy (fuels, power, and heat) from biomass [definition IEA Bioenergy Task 42]. By producing multiple products, a biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstocks. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol. Future biorefinery may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials as a bridge between agriculture and chemistry that are traditionally produced from petroleum. Industrial biotechnology is expected to significantly complement or replace the current petroleum-based industry and to play an important role.

Physiological Responses of Green Roof Plants to Drought Stress (건조스트레스에 따른 옥상녹화 식물의 생리적 반응)

  • Park, Seong-Sik;Choi, Jaehyuck;Park, Bong-Ju
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.45 no.2
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    • pp.51-59
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    • 2017
  • This study evaluated the drought tolerance of Liriope platyphylla F.T.Wang & T.Tang, Dendranthema zawadskii var. lucidum (Nakai) J.H.Park, Hosta longipes (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum., Sedum sarmentosum Bunge and Zoysia japonica Steud. for an extensive green roof. In order to assess drought tolerance of green roof plants, several criteria were measured such as volumetric water content, leaf and soil moisture potential, chlorophyll a and b, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and antioxidants. The results of the drought tolerance measurement of green roof plants focused on the gradually withering of plants from lack of volumetric water content. D. zawadskii was the first to show an initial wilting point, followed by Z. japonica, H. longipes and L. platyphylla in order while S. sarmentosum showed no withering. It was concluded that H. longipes, L. platyphylla and S. sarmentosum were highly drought tolerant plants able to survive over three weeks. Furthermore, chlorophyll a and b were divided into two types: Type I, which kept regular content from the beginning to the middle of the period and suddenly declined, like H. longipes and Z. japonica; and Type II, which showed low content at the beginning, sharply increased at the middle stage and decreased, like D. zawadskii, L. platyphylla and S. sarmentosum. Volumetric water content and the amount of evapotranspiration consistently declined in all plant species. The analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence results that S. sarmentosum, which had relatively high drought tolerance, was the last to decline, while Z. japonica and S. sarmentosum withered after rapid reduction. At first, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate showed high activity, but they lowered as the plant body closed stomata owing to the decrease in volumetric water content. Measuring antioxidants showed that when drought stress increased, the amount of antioxidants grew as well. However, when high moisture stress was maintained, this compound was continuously consumed. Therefore, the variation of antioxidants was considered possible for use as one of the indicators of drought tolerance evaluation.

Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Drug Resistant Depressed Patients (치료 저항성 우울증 환자에서 반복적 경두개 자기자극후 국소뇌혈류 변화)

  • Chung, Yong-An;Yoo, Ie-Ryung;Kang, Bong-Joo;Chae, Jeong-Ho;Lee, Hye-Won;Moon, Hyun-Jin;Kim, Sung-Hoon;Sohn, Hyung-Sun;Chung, Soo-Kyo
    • Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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    • v.41 no.1
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    • pp.9-15
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    • 2007
  • Purpose: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has recently been clinically applied in the treatment of drug resistant depressed patients. There are mixed findings about the efficacy of rTMS on depression. Furthermore, the influence of rTMS on the physiology of the brain is not clear. We prospectively evaluated changes of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) between pre- and post-rTMS treatment in patients with drug resistant depression. Materials and Methods: Twelve patients with drug-resistant depression (7 male, 5 female; age range: $19{\sim}52$ years; mean age: $29.3{\pm}9.3$ years) were given rTMS on right prefrontal lobe with low frequency (1 Hz) and on left prefrontal lobe with high frequency (20 Hz), with 20-minute-duration each day for 3 weeks. Tc-99m ECD brain perfusion SPECT was obtained before and after rTMS treatment. The changes of cerebral perfusion were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM; t=3.14, uncorrected p<0.01, voxel=100). Results: Following areas showed significant increase in rCBF after 3 weeks rTMS treatment: the cingulate gyrus, fusiform gyrus of right temporal lobe, precuneus, and left lateral globus pallidus. Significant decrement was noted in: the precental and middle frontal gyrus of right frontal lobe, and fusiform gyrus of left occipital lobe. Conclusion: Low-frequency rTMS on the right prefrontal cortex and high-frequency rTMS on the left prefrontal cortex for 3 weeks as an add-on regimen have increased and decreased rCBF in the specific brain regions in drug-resistant depressed patients. Further analyses correlating clinical characteristics and treatment paradigm with functional imaging data may be helpful in clarifying the pathophysiology of drug-resistant depressed patients.

홍삼 유래 성분들의 면역조절 효능

  • Jo, Jae-Yeol
    • Food preservation and processing industry
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.6-12
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    • 2009
  • 면역반응은 외부 감염원으로부터 신체를 보호하고 외부감염원을 제거하고자 하는 주요항상성 유지기전의 하나이다. 이들 반응은 골수에서 생성되고 비장, 흉선 및 임파절 등에서 성숙되는 면역세포들에 의해 매개된다. 보통 태어나면서부터 얻어진 선천성 면역반응을 매개하는 대식세포, 수지상 세포 등과, 오랜기간 동안 감염된 다양한 면역원에 대한 경험을 토대로 얻어진 획득성 면역을 담당하는 T 임파구 등이 대표적인 면역세포로 알려져 있다. 다양한 면역질환이 최근 주요 사망률의 원인이 되고 있다. 최근, 암, 당뇨 및 뇌혈관질환 등이 생체에서 발생되는 급 만성염증에 의해 발생된다고 보고됨에 따라 면역세포 매개성 염증질환에 대한 치료제 개발을 서두르고 있다. 또한 암환자의 급격한 증가는 암발생의 주요 방어기전인 면역력 증강에 대한 요구들을 가중시키고 있다. 예로부터 사용되어 오던 고려인삼과 홍삼은 기를 보호하고 원기를 회복하는 명약으로 알려진 대표적인 우리나라 천연생약이다. 특별히, 홍삼은 단백질과 핵산의 합성을 촉진시키고, 조혈작용, 간기능 회복, 혈당강하, 운동수행 능력증대, 기억력 개선, 항피로작용 및 면역력 증대에 매우 효과가 좋은 것으로 보고되고 있다. 홍삼에 관한 많은 연구에 비해, 현재까지 홍삼이 면역력 증강에 미치는 효과에 대한 분자적 수준에서의 연구는 매우 미미한 것으로 확인되어져 있다. 홍삼의 투여는 NK 세포나 대식세포의 활성이 증가하고 항암제의 암세포 사멸을 증가시키는 것으로 확인되어졌다. 현재까지 알려진 주요 면역증강 성분은 산성다당류로 보고되었다. 또 한편으로 일부 진세노사이드류에서 항염증 효능이 확인되어졌으며, 이를 통해 피부염증 반응과 관절염에 대한 치료 효과가 있는 것으로 추측되고 있다 [본 연구는 KT&G 연구출연금 (2009-2010) 지원을 받아 이루어졌기에 이에 감사드린다]. 면역반응은 외부 감염물질의 침입으로 유도된 질병환경을 제거하고 수복하는 중요한 생체적 방어작용의 하나이다. 이들 과정은 체내로 유입된 미생물이나 미세화학물질들과 같은 독성물질을 소거하거나 파괴하는 것을 주요 역할로 한다. 외부로 부터 인체에 들어온 이물질에 대한 방어기전은 현재 두 가지 종류의 면역반응으로 구분해서 설명한다. 즉, 선천성 면역 반응 (innate immunity)과 후천성 면역 반응 (adaptive immunity)이 그것이다. 선천성 면역반응은 1) 피부나 점막의 표면과 같은 해부학적인 보호벽 구조와 2) 체온과 낮은 pH 및 chemical mediator (리소자임, collectin류) 등과 같은 생리적 방어구조, 3) phagocyte류 (대식세포, 수지상세포 및 호중구 등)에 의한 phagocytic/endocytic 방어, 그리고 4) 마지막으로 염증반응을 통한 감염에 저항하는 면역반응 등으로 구분된다. 후천성 면역반응은 획득성면역이라고도 불리고 특이성, 다양성, 기억 및 자기/비자기의 인식이라는 네 가지의 특징을 가지고 있으며, 외부 유입물질을 제거하는 반응에 따라 체액성 면역 반응 (humoral immune response)과 세포성 면역반응 (cell-mediated immune response)으로 구분된다. 체액성 면역은 침입한 항원의 구조 특이적으로 생성된 B cell 유래 항체와의 반응과 간이나 대식세포 등에서 합성되어 분비된 혈청내 보체 등에 의해 매개되는 반응으로 구성되어 있다. 세포성 면역반응은 T helper cell (CD4+), cytotoxic T cell (CD8+), B cell 및antigen presenting cell 중개를 통한 세포간 상호 작용에 의해 발생되는 면역반응이다. 선천성 면역반응의 하나인 염증은 우리 몸에서 가장 빈번히 발생되고 있는 방어작용의 하나이다. 예를 들면 감기에 걸렸을 경우, 환자의 편도선내 대식세포나 수지상세포류는 감염된 바이러스 단독 혹은 동시에 감염된 박테리아를 상대로 다양한 염증성 반응을 유도하게 된다. 또한, 상처가 생겼을 경우에도 감염원을 통해 유입된 병원성 세균과 주위조직내 선천성 면역담당 세포들 간의 면역학적 전투가 발생되게 된다. 이들 과정을 통해, 주위 세포나 조직이 손상되면, 즉각적으로 이들 면역세포들 (주로 phagocytes류)은 신속하게 손상을 극소화하고 더 나가서 손상된 부위를 원상으로 회복시키려는 일련의 염증반응을 유도하게 된다. 이들 반응은 우리가 흔히 알고 있는 발적 (redness), 부종 (swelling), 발열 (heat), 통증 (pain) 등의 증상으로 나타나게 된다. 즉, 손상된 부위 주변에 존재하는 모세혈관에 흐르는 혈류의 양이 증가하면서 혈관의 직경이 늘어나게 되고, 이로 인한 조직의 홍반과, 부어 오른 혈관에 의해 발열과 부종이 초래되는 것이다. 확장된 모세혈관의 투과성 증가는 체액과 세포들이 혈관에서 조직으로 이동하게 하는 원동력이 되고, 이를 통해 축적된 삼출물들은 단백질의 농도를 높여, 최종적으로 혈관에 존재하는 체액들이 조직으로 더 많이 이동되도록 유도하여 부종을 형성시킨다. 마지막으로 혈관 내 존재하는 면역세포들은 혈판 내벽에 점착되고 (margination), 혈관벽의 간극을 넓히는 역할을 하는 히스타민 (histamine)이나 일산화질소(nitric oxide : NO), 프로스타그린딘 (prostagladins : PGE2) 및 류코트리엔 (leukotriens) 등과 같은 chemical mediator의 도움으로 인해 혈관벽 사이로 삼출하게 되어 (extravasation), 손상된 부위로 이동하여 직접적인 외부 침입 물질의 파괴나 다른 면역세포들을 모으기 위한 cytokine (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-$\alpha$, interleukin [IL]-1, IL-6 등) 혹은 chemokine (MIP-l, IL-8, MCP-l등)의 분비 등을 수행함으로써 염증반응을 매개하게 된다. 염증과정시 발생되는 여러 mediator 중 PGE2나 NO 및 TNF-$\alpha$ 등은 실험적 평가가 용이하여 이들 mediator 자체나 생성관련효소 (cyclooxygenase [COX] 및 nitric oxide synthase [NOS] 등)들은 현재항염증 치료제의 개발 연구시 주요 표적으로 연구되고 있다. 염증 반응은 지속기간에 따라 크게 급성염증과 만성염증으로 나뉘며, 삼출물의 종류에 따라서는 장액성, 섬유소성, 화농성 및 출혈성 염증 등으로 구분된다. 급성 염증 (acute inflammation)반응은 수일 내지 수주간 지속되는 일반적인 염증반응이라고 볼 수 있다. 국소반응은 기본징후인 발열과 발적, 부종, 통증 및 기능 상실이 특징적이며, 현미경적 소견으로는 혈관성 변화와 삼출물 형성이 주 작용이므로 일명 삼출성 염증이라고 한다. 만성 염증 (chronic inflammation)은, 급성 염증으로부터 이행되거나 만성으로 시작된다. 염증지속 기간은 보통 4주 이상 장기화 된다. 보통 염증의 경우에는 염증 생성 cytokine인 Th1 cytokine (IL-2, interferone [IFN]-$\gamma$ 및 TNF-$\alpha$ 등)의 생성 후, 거의 즉각적으로 항 염증성 cytokine인 Th2 cytokine(IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 및 transforming growth factor [TGF]-$\beta$ 등)이 생성되어 정상반응으로 회복된다. 그러나, 어떤 원인에서든 면역세포에 의한 염증원 제거 반응이 문제가 되면, 만성염증으로 진행된다. 이 반응에 주로 작용을 하는 염증세포로는 단핵구와 대식세포, 림프구, 형질세포 등이 있다. 암은 전세계적으로 사망률 1위의 원인이 되는 면역질환의 하나이다. 산화적 스트레스나 자외선 조사 혹은 암유발 물질들에 의해 염색체내 protooncogene, tumor-suppressor gene 혹은 DNA repairing gene의 일부 DNA의 돌연변이 혹은 결손 등이 발행되면 정상세포는 암화과정을 시작하게 된다. 양성세포 수준에서 약 5에서 10여년 후 악성수준의 암세포가 생성되게 되면 이들 세포는 새로운 환경을 찾아 전이하게 되는데 이를 통해 암환자들은 다양한 장기에 동인 오리진의 암세포들이 생성한 종양들을 가지게 된다. 이들 종양세포는 정상 장기의 기능을 손상시켜며 결국 생명을 잃게 만든다. 이들 염색체 수준에서의 돌연변이 유래 암세포는 거의 대부분이 체내 면역시스템에 의해 사멸되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 계속되는 스트레스나 암유발 물질의 노출은 체내 면역체계를 파괴하면서 최후의 방어선을 무너뜨리면서 암발생에 무방비 상태를 만들게 된다. 이런 이유로 체내 면역시스템의 정상적 가동 및 증강을 유도하게 하는 전략이 암예방시 매우 중요한 표적으로 인식되면서 다양한 형태의 면역증강 물질 개발을 시도하고 있다. 인삼은 두릅나무과의 여러해살이 풀로써, 오랜동안 한방 및 민간에서 원기를 회복시키고, 각종 질병을 치료할 수단으로 사용되고 있는 대표적인 전통생약이다. 예로부터 불로(不老), 장생(長生), 익기(益氣), 경신(經身)의 명약으로 구전되어졌는데, 이는 약 2천년 전 중국의 신농본초경(神農本草經)에서 "인삼은 오장(五腸)을 보하고, 정신을 안정시키고, 혼백을 고정하며 경계를 멈추게 하고, 외부로부터 침입하는 병사를 제거하여주며, 눈을 밝게 하고 마음을 열어 더욱 지혜롭게 하고 오랫동안 복용하면 몸이 가벼워지고 장수한다" 라고 기술되어있는 데에서 유래한 것이다. 다양한 연구를 통해 우리나라에서 생산되는 고려인삼 (Panax ginseng)이 효능 면에서 가장 탁월한 것으로 알려져 있으며 특별이 고려인삼으로부터 제조된 고려홍삼은 전세계적으로도 그 효능이 우수한 것으로 보고되어 있다. 대부분의 홍삼 약효는 dammarane계열의 triterpenoid인 ginsenosides라고 불리는 인삼 saponin에 의해 기인된 것으로 알려져 있다. 이들 화합물군의 기본 골격에 따라, protopanaxadiol (PD)계 (22종) 및 protopanaxatriol (PT)계 (10종)으로 구분되고 있다 (표 1). 실험적 접근을 통해 인삼의 약리작용 이해를 위한 다양한 노력들이 경주되고 있으나, 여전히 많은 부분에서 충분히 이해되고 있지 않다. 그러나, 현재까지 연구된 인삼의 약리작용 관련 연구들은 심혈관, 당뇨, 항암 및 항스트레스 등과 같은 분야에서 인삼효능이 우수한 것으로 보고하고 있다. 그러나 면역조절 및 염증현상과 관련된 최근 연구결과들은 많지 않으나, 향후 다양하게 연구될 효능부분으로 인식되고 있다.

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