• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.4 no.12
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• pp.3159-3174
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• 1997

This paper reports a research to develop a methodology and a tool for understanding of very large and complex real-time software. The methodology and the tool mostly developed by the author are called the Architecture-based Real-time Software Understanding (ARSU) and the Software Re/reverse-engineering Environment (SRE) respectively. Due to size and complexity, it is commonly very hard to understand the software during reengineering process. However the research facilitates scalable re/reverse-engineering of such real-time software based on the architecture of the software in three-dimensional perspectives: structural, functional, and behavioral views. Firstly, the structural view reveals the overall architecture, specification (outline), and the algorithm (detail) views of the software, based on hierarchically organized parent-chi1d relationship. The basic building block of the architecture is a software Unit (SWU), generated by user-defined criteria. The architecture facilitates navigation of the software in top-down or bottom-up way. It captures the specification and algorithm views at different levels of abstraction. It also shows the functional and the behavioral information at these levels. Secondly, the functional view includes graphs of data/control flow, input/output, definition/use, variable/reference, etc. Each feature of the view contains different kind of functionality of the software. Thirdly, the behavioral view includes state diagrams, interleaved event lists, etc. This view shows the dynamic properties or the software at runtime. Beside these views, there are a number of other documents: capabilities, interfaces, comments, code, etc. One of the most powerful characteristics of this approach is the capability of abstracting and exploding these dimensional information in the architecture through navigation. These capabilities establish the foundation for scalable and modular understanding of the software. This approach allows engineers to extract reusable components from the software during reengineering process.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.6 no.1_2 s.7
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• pp.8-19
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• 1998

In the Sinri area located at the mid western boundary of the Jinan basin, the Manduksan Formation which mainly consists of coarse sandstone narrowly intercalated with shale and the alternation of sand and shale and the Dalgil Formation mainly of shale are distributed. It consists of four lithofacies, such as coarse sandstone, interbedded sandstone/shale, shale and volcanic rock lithofacies. All sediments are interpreted to be deposited by turbidity currents and free fallouts in a lacustrine basin. In these rocks many penecontemporaneous defomation structures are observed such as fold and thrust fault at large scale, and swelling, boudin structure, flame structure, load structure, ptygmatic fold and convolute bedding at small scale. All these structures are developed between upper and lower undisturbed sedimentary strata. Two large folds are similar folds, but lower one gradually developed into concentric shape. The swelling structures by convergence of the sediments are observed in the hinge area and the boudin structures are developed in the limb. The thrust faults including minor folds and sandstone lobes show duplex structure with asymmetric and kink fold on and below in front of the detached sandstone layer. Development of the swellings, boudins and lobes indicates the flexbility of the sediments during deformational episodes. The folds and thrust faults rarely contain fractures relative their scales and lithologies. This feature also indicates the retrievability of sediments during deformation. At the flanks of the thrust faults the normal faults are formed contemporaneously. The deformation structures at small scale such as flame structures, load structures, ptygmatic folds and convolute beddings are syndepositional and penecontemporaneous, which show the effects of tectonic movements. All these deformed sedimentary structures of the Sinri area suggest the continuing tectonic movements during and/or after deposition.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 2002

The alluvial deposits along meandering rivers can be used as an artificial aquifer for infiltration of river waters. Internal heterogeneity of the alluvial deposits is a prerequisite information for the development of alluvial groundwater because vortical and lateral movement of alluvial ground water depends on the internal heterogeneity The internal heterogeneity due to variations in channel behavior can be delineated using GPR survey, GPR profiles for the point bar deposits near Buyeo county reveals two different stratigraphic units: the lower inclined heterogeneous strata and the upper horizontally stratified strata. The upper unit is largely indicative of vertical accumulation by overbank floods within a floodplain, whereas the lower one represents typical point bar deposits formed by lateral accretion. The stratigraphic variation in the heterogeneity shows that GPR survey is a useful and necessary investigation method for the development of alluvial ground water.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.309-316
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• 2020

This study analyzed Japan's three-dimensional road system as part of a study on urban regeneration plans through the three-dimensional use of road space. The three-dimensional road system integrates the Road Act, Urban Planning Act, and the Building Standard Act. The advantage of the three-dimensional road system is that landowners can freely use the space above and below the road so that they can live and operate sustainably, and road managers have the advantage of reducing the land acquisition costs because they only acquire rights to the road. In terms of type, it is applied to a variety of integrated and separated structures in elevated roads, underpasses, free passages, parking lots, and monorails. In addition, in the case of development methods, the degree of freedom of development plans is improved by enabling integrated maintenance of roads and buildings. Management stability is improved by applying management and law-based authority according to the Road Act. In this way, the three-dimensional road system provides support to maximize the use of limited available land through the three-dimensional use of road space, and to develop sustainable and good urban areas in development areas.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.81-91
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the necessity of the anchor lug system in continuously reinforced concrete pavement(CRCP) by comparing longitudinal displacements of CRCPs with and without anchor lugs, and to investigate the effect of horizontal cracking on CRCP performance by measuring the vertical displacements. The measurements before and after the anchor lug section was separated were conducted for 12 days in June, and for 14 days in August after the abrupt displacements according to cutting disappeared, respectively. This short term measurement results showed that when anchor lugs were installed, a daily displacement variation at any location was less than 0.1mm; therefore, longitudinal movements were negligibly small. When there were no anchor lugs, longitudinal displacements mainly occurred near the free end and the displacement variation was small; therefore, an expansion joint system seems to be employed at a CRCP terminus without installing anchor lugs. However, further studies are needed to verify the terminus behavior due to annual temperature changes. The horizontal crack width variation was ignorable and did not affect the vertical displacement of the slab. Therefore, the horizontal crack did not delaminate the slab and did not seem to reduce the structural capacity and performance of CRCP.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.404-412
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• 2006

TThe purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of chufa(Cyperus esculentus L., var sativus Boeck) starches by physical and chemical modification. Chufa starches were exposed to the microwave with 700W power oven for 1, 2, and 3 minutes. Also, starch was oxidized with 1.5%, 3% and 6% (15, 30, 60 mg Cl2/g starch $40^{\circ}\C$, pH 10, 3.0 hr) sodium hypochlorite. The shape of starch granules was not changed much by microwave heating and sodium hypochlorite. Water binding capacity increased but amylose content swelling power, and solubility decreased with increasing microwave heating time. Water binding capacity of the oxidized starch decreased with increasing the content of sodium hypochlorite. With increasing the microwave heating time, gelatinization temperature decreased, but enthalpy(${\Delta}H$) increased in physical modification of chufa starches. Also, chemically modified chufa starches have the similar pattern in gelatinization properties. Peak viscosities of RVA in physically modified chufa starches were 416-188 RVU, and in chemically modified chufa starches they were 129-267 RVU.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.382-388
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• 2006

Physicochemical properties of chufa starch were investigated The result are summarized as follow: Moisture content crude protein and crude fat were 10.10%, 0.31% and 0.41,% respectively. Amylose content of chufa starch was 41.6% and blue value was 0.49. Lightness and whiteness of chufa starch was 96.36 and 92.23 of Hunter's color value. In iodine reaction, maximum absorbance wavelength (${\lambda}max$) was 628 nm. Water binding capacity was 83% and swelling power and solubility of chufa starch were increased slowly to $60^{\circ}C$, but increased rapidly after $60^{\circ}C$. Scanning election microscope(SEM) showed that granule type of chufa starch was round or elliptic type, and average granule size was $10{\mu}m$. The results by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) revealed that gelatinization patterns were similar to those of potato or rice starch. In rapid viscoanalyzer(RVA) examination, pasting temperature was $79.95^{\circ}C$ and peak viscosity of chufa starch was 385.08.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.4 s.75
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• pp.491-501
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• 1999

Precise and accurate measuring of tooth size is essential procedure in orthodontic diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and accuracy of tooth size measurements with regard to tooth and investigator. Five investigators measured the size of one side of teeth, from central incisor to first molar, on 20 sets of casts that show a moderate degree of crowding. Mesio-distal width was measured with digital vernier calipers in each tooth and this procedure was repeated three times at two weeks interval. To obtain a standard measurement for each tooth, dental casts were cut into individual tooth, and its width was measured with micrometer. The difference between the measurement from dental cast and the standard measurement was defined as the measurement error. Through various statistical analyses, following results were obtained. 1. The reproducibility did not show significant differences with regard to tooth or investigator. 2. The measurement error showed some difference with regard to tooth and investigator. 3. The magnitude of the measurement error showed increasing tendency from anterior to posterior teeth with maximum value in the first molar. 4. While the measurements obtained on study casts generally showed smaller number compared to standard measurements, the direction of the difference showed variability according to tooth or investigator. 5. The measurement errors did not show significant correlations with the degree of crowding. The results of the present study indicate that the possibility of tooth size measurement error should be taken into consideration when diagnosing an orthodontic case.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.271-282
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• 2008

Specific joint devices composed of end-plates and through bolts are under development to assemble steel beams to PC columns efficiently by dry construction method for the PCS structural system, of which major structural components are precast concrete columns and steel beams. Seismic performance of the joint devices had been evaluated by experimental tests in the previous studies and it was showed that all the performance requirements regarding to strength deterioration, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacity were satisfied to the criteria of ACI requirements, but the initial stiffness was not. In order to find out possible causes of the insufficient rigidity of the joint devices and provide the proper measures to improve the performance of the joint accordingly, numerical analyses were carried out by using ABAQUS. Parameters, such as thickness of neoprene pad, conditions of surface between PC column and end-plate, magnitude of pretension forces of through bolts, stiffness of end-plate were taken into consideration. As the result, it was found that the rigidity of the PCS system was negatively affected by the magnitude of initial gaps between PC columns and end-plates, and insufficient stiffness of neoprene fillers and end plates. In order to improve the initial stiffness performance of the joints, measures such as increase of the magnitude of pretension forces on through bolts and increase of the stiffness of end-plate by reducing the bolt pitch and providing adequate stiffeners are recommended.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.439-447
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• 2004

The aim of this study is to survey the frequency of mutans streptococci species and biotypes isolated from dental plaque in Korean children and the relationship between species and biotypes of mutans streptococci and dft index. Dental plaques were collected from the anterior and molar teeth of upper and lower jaws in the subjects, aged below 12 years old. A dental examination was performed for dft (decayed, filled, total) with the WHO caries diagnostic criteria. The mutans streptococci from the sample were cultured selectively on mitis salivarius-bacitracine (MSB) agar plate. For biotyping of mutans streptococci, biochemical test was performed. From the culture, bacterial genomic DNA was prepared for using of PCR template for the identification of mutans streptococci at the species-level. Forty strains of mutans streptococci were isolated from dental plagues of 40 patients. The biotype I (45%) and biotype IV (32.5%) were most frequently detected. The prevalence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was 69% and 31%, respectively. There was no positive relationship between species and biotypes of mutans streptococci and dft index. Our results revealed that biotype I and S. mutans were frequently detected in Korean children and support that dental caries incidents by many causative factors not only bacterial factor.