• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.644-651
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• 2012

This study purports to measure the level of work friendship in dental clinic and examines the friendship's effect on the organizational effectiveness. Data were collected from workers who worked in dental clinic located in Seoul and Gyeonggi areas by self-administered questionnaires from early in October till lately in September, 2009 through direct interview and e-mail. Among 250 questionnaires, 240 responses were returned, and 17 copies with an inaccurate answer were excluded. Finally 223 responses were analyzed through SPSS program. The study revealed that the work friendship in dental clinic has enormous influence on job satisfaction, occupational commitment, intent to leave, stress etc. The results imply that the managers of the dental clinics need to create an organizational climate which emphasizes on a good relationship among members and have them take part in various committees or informal activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.42-56
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• 2005

Hyperlipidemia is one of the risk factors for coronary artery disease. Despite of epidemiological evidence that tea consumption is associated with the reduced risk of coronary heart disease, experimental studies designed to show that drinking tea affects blood lipid concentration or oxidative stress have been unsuccessful. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether functional tea (three servings/day) supplement with medical nutrition therapy (MNT) lead to a beneficial outcomes in mildly hyperlipidemic adults. From February to October, 2003, the 43 hyperlipidemic (23 men, 20 women) subjects (total cholesterol$\geq$200 mg/dL or triglyceride$\geq$150 mg/dL) admitted to K Medical Center were studied. Subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups; placebo tea (PT), half dose of functional tea (HFT), full dose of functional tea (FFT). During 12 weeks of study period, the subjects were given placebo or functional tea daily with MNT. Anthropometric measurements, blood chemical analysis including lipid levels, total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels, and dietary assessment were carried out at the beginning and end of experiment. The effects of functional tea were compared with the placebo in randomized clinical trial study. The placebo was prepared to match with the functional tea in color and taste. After the 12 weeks of MNT, the subjects had regular and balanced meal pattern. Consumption of foods high in cholesterol and saturated fat, salty foods, fried foods, and instant foods decreased significantly in all three groups (p<0.05). Intake of energy and cholesterol also decreased (p<0.05). Drinking three servings per day (390 mL/day) of functional tea significantly reduced the levels of blood triglyceride (HFT, 42.5%; FFT, 29.4%), total cholesterol (HFT, 8.5%; FFT, 13.7%), and atherogenic index (HFT, 14.6%; FFT, 21.7%). Whereas no changes were found in the LDL-, HDL-cholesterollevels, and LDL/HDL ratio. Plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentration decreased significantly (p<0.05) in functional tea groups (HFT, 14.9%; FFT, 14.1%). SOD increased significantly (p<0.05) in HFT (8.3%). GSH-Px increased significantly (p<0.05) in FFT (12.8%). In conclusion, the MNT improved the dietary habits, in addition, functional tea supplement decreased blood lipid levels and Hcy, and increased SOD and GSH-Px levels. These results indicate that functional tea consumption may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease via improving blood lipid levels and antioxidant status.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.3
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• pp.1-40
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• 1965

To measure variations in some of the important agronomic characteristics of rice varieties under shifting of seedling dates, this study has been carried out at the Paddy Crop Division of Crop Experiment Station(then Agricultural Experiment Station) in Suwon for the period of three years 1958 to 1960. The varieties used in this study were Kwansan, Suwon ＃82, Mojo, Paltal and Chokwang, which have the different agronomic characteristics such as earliness and plant type. Seeds of each variety were sown at 14 different dates in 10-day interval starting on March 2. The seedlings were grown on seed bed for 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 days, respectively. The results of this study are as follows: A. Heading dates. 1. As the seeding date was delayed, the heading dates was almost proportionally delayed. The degree of delay was higher in early varieties and lower in late varieties and the longer the seedling stage, the more delayed the heading date. 2. Number of days to heading was proportionally lessened as seeding was delayed in all the varieties but the magnitude varied depending upon variety. In other words, the required period for heading in case of late planting was much shortened in late variety compared with early one. Within a variety, the number of days to heading was less shortened as the seedling stage was prolonged. Early variety reached earlier than late variety to the marginal date for the maximum shortening of days to heading and the longer the seeding stage, the limitted date came earlier. There was a certain limit in seeding date for shortening of days to heading as seeding was delayed, and days to heading were rather prolonged due to cold weather when seeded later than that date. 3. In linear regression equation, Y=a+bx obtained from the seeding dates and the number of days to heading, the coefficient b(shortening rate of days to heading) was closely correlated with the average number of days to heading. That is, the period from seeding to heading was more shortened in late variety than early one as seeding was delayed. 4. To the extent that the seedling stage is not so long and there is a linear relationship between delay of seeding and shortening of days to heading, it might be possible to predict heading date of a rice variety to be sown any date by using the linear regression obtained from variation of heading dates under the various seeding dates of the same variety. 5. It was found out that there was a close correlation between the numbers of days to heading in ordinary culture and the other ones. When a rice variety was planted during the period from the late part of March to the middle of June and the seedling ages were within 30 to 50 days, it could be possible to estimate heading date of the variety under late or early culture with the related data of ordinary culture. B. Maturing date. 6. Within (he marginal date for maturation of rice variety, maturing date was proportionally delayed as heading was delayed. Of course, the degree of delay depended upon varieties and seedling ages. The average air temperature (Y) during the ripening period of rice variety was getting lower as the heading date. (X) was delayed. Though there was a difference among varieties, in general, a linear regression equation(y=25.53-0.182X) could be obtained as far as heading date were within August 1 to September 13. 7. Depending upon earliness of a rice variety, the average air temperature during the ripening period were greatly different. Early variety underwent under 28$^{\circ}C$ in maximum while late variety matured under as low as 22$^{\circ}C$. 8. There was a highly significant correlation between the average air temperature (X) during the ripening period, and number of day (Y) for the maturation. And the relationship could be expressed as y=82.30-1.55X. When the average air temperature during the period was within the range of 18$^{\circ}C$ to 28$^{\circ}C$, the ripening period was shortened by 1.55 days with increase of 1$^{\circ}C$. Considering varieties, Kwansan was the highest in shortening the maturing period by 2.24 days and Suwon ＃82 was the lowest showing 0.78 days. It is certain that ripening of rice variety is accelerated at Suwon as the average air temperature increases within the range of 18$^{\circ}C$ to 28$^{\circ}C$. 9. Between number of days to heading (X) related to seeding dates and the accumulated average air temperature (Y) during the ripening period, a positive correlation was obtained. However, there was a little difference in the accumulated average air temperature during the ripening period even seeding dates were shifted to a certain extent. C. Culm- and ear-lengths. 10. In general all the varieties didn't show much variation in their culm-lengths in case of relatively early seeding but they trended to decrease the lengths as seeding was delayed. The magnitude of decreasing varied from young seedlings to old ones. Young seedlings which were seeded during May 21 to June 10 didn't decrease their culm-lengths, while seedlings old as 80 days decreased the length though under ordinary culture. 11. Variation in ear-length of rice varieties show the same trend as the culm-length subjected to the different seeding dates. When rice seedlings aged from 30 to 40 days, the ear-length remained constant but rice plants older than 40 days obviously decreased their ear-lengths. D. Number of panicles per hill. 12. The number of panicles per hill decreased up to a certain dates as seeding was delayed and then again increased the panicles due to the development of numerous tillers at the upper internodes. The seeding date to reach to the least number of panicles of rice variety depended upon the seedling ages. Thirty- to 40-day seedlings which were seeded during May 31 to June 10 developed the lowest number of panicles and 70- to 80-day seedlings sown for the period from April 11 to April 21 reached already to the minimum number of panicles. E. Number of rachillae. 13. To a certain seeding date, the number of rachillae didn't show any variation due to delay of seeding but it decreased remarkably when seeded later than the marginal date. 14. Variation in number of rachillae depended upon seedling ages. For example, 30- to 40-day old seedlings which, were originally seeded after May 31 started to decrease the rachillae. On the other hand, 80-day old seedlings which, were seeded on May 1 showed a tendency to decrease rachillae and the rice plant sown on May 31 could develop narrowly 3 or 4 panicles. F. Defective grain and 1.000-grain weights. 15. Under delay of the seeding dates, weight of the defective grains gradually increased till a certain date and then suddenly increased. These relationships could be expressed with two different linear regressions. 16. If it was assumed that the marginal date for ripening was the cross point of these two lines, the date seemed. closely related with seedling ages. The date was June 10- in 30- to 40-day old seedlings but that of 70- to 80-day old seedlings was May 1. Accordingly, the marginal date for ripening was getting earlier as the seedling stage was prolonged. 17. The 1.000-grain weight in ordinary culture was the heaviest and it decreased in both early and late cultures. G. Straw and rough rice weights. 18. Regardless of earliness of variety, rice plants under early culture which were seeded before March 22 or April 1 did not show much variation in straw weight due to seedling ages but in ordinary culture it gradually decreased and the degree was became greater in late culture. 19. Relationship between seeding dates (X) and grain weight related to varieties and seedling ages, could be expressed as a parabola analogous to a line (Y=77.28-7.44X$_1$-1.00lX$_2$). That is, grain yield didn't vary in early culture but it started to decrease when seeded later than a certain date, as seeding was delayed. The variation was much greater in cases of late planting and prolongation of seedling age. 20. Generally speaking, the relationship between grain yield (Y) and number of days to heading (X) was described with linear regression. However, the early varieties were the highest yielders within the range of 60 to 110, days to heading but the late variety greatly decreased its yield since it grows normally only under late culture. The grain yield, on the whole, didn't increase as number of days to heading exceeded more than 140 days.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.9
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• pp.21-25
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• 1969

Various formulae for estimation of leaf production in mulberry trees were investigated and obtained. Four varieties of mulberry trees were used as the materials, and four characters. namely branch length (X, 1). branch diameter (X, 2). leaf number per branch (X, 3), and leaf area per branch (X, 4). were studies. The formulae to eatimate the leaf yield of mulberry trees are as follows: 1. Y$_1$v$_1$＝-115.760＋0.068X$_1$＋165.756X$_2$ Y$_1$v$_2$＝-221.500＋1.768X$_1$＋38.152X$_2$ Y$_1$v$_3$＝-253.826-0.116X$_1$＋289.507X$_2$ Y$_1$v$_4$＝ -157.559＋1.063X$_1$＋106.088X$_2$ where Y$_1$v$_1$, Y$_1$v$_2$, Y$_1$v$_3$, Y$_1$v$_4$, are showed the estimated yield of the each variety, namely Gaeryang souban, Ilchirye, Nosang. and Suwon Sang No. 4, respectively. X$_1$ and X$_2$ denote the measured values of branch length and branch diameter, respectively. 2. Y$\sub$7/v$_1$＝-118.478-0.665X$_1$＋184.445X$_2$＋2.346X$_3$ Y$\sub$7/v$_2$＝-217.432＋2.062X$_1$＋35.668X$_2$-1.058X$_3$ Y$\sub$7/v$_3$＝-206. 249-0.739X$_1$＋268.08X$_2$＋2.770X$_3$ Y$\sub$7/v$_4$＝-153.383＋0.009X$_1$＋2.024X$_2$＋0.171X$_3$where Y$\sub$7/v$_1$, Y$\sub$7/v$_2$, Y$\sub$7/v$_3$, Y$\sub$7/v$_4$, are the estimated yield of the each variety, namely Gaeryang. Souban, Ilichirye, Nosang, and Suwon Sang No. 4, respectively. X$_1$, X$_2$, X$_3$, denote the measured values of each character. branch length, branch diameter and leaf number per branch, respectively. 3. Y$\sub$11/v$_1$＝82. 567-1.283X$_1$＋15.501X$_2$＋0.640X$_3$＋3.511X$_4$ Y$\sub$11/v$_2$＝136.411＋0.311X$_1$＋1.921X$_2$-0. 217X$_3$＋0.214X$_4$ Y$\sub$11/v$_3$＝150.2Z7-0.139X$_1$＋11.788X$_2$＋0.143X$_3$＋0.381X$_4$ Y$\sub$11/v$_4$＝160.850＋0.323X$_1$＋66.076X$_2$-0.794X$_3$＋2..614X$_4$ where Y$\sub$11/v$_1$, Y$\sub$11/v$_2$, Y$\sub$11/v$_3$, Y$\sub$11/v$_4$, are the estimated yield values of four varieties, and X$_1$, X$_2$, X$_3$, X$_4$ denote the measured values of four characters. namely branch length, branch diameter. leaf number per branch and leaf area per branch. respectively. The estimation method of mulberry leaf yield by measurement of some characters, branch length. branch diameter. leaf number per branch and leaf area per branch. could be the better method to determine the leaf yield of mulberry trees without destroying the leaves and without weighting the leaves of mulberry trees than the other methods.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.433-446
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sociopsychological factors which might influence the course of the temporomandibular disorders and to develop models for prediction of treatment outcome related to pain, dysfunction and sound. For this study, 268 patients with temporomandibular disorders were selected from the patients presented to department of Oral Medicine, Wonkwang university dental hospital. Chief complaints of these subjects were largely grouped into three categories such as pain, dysfunction and sound, and 10 cm visual analogue scale(VAS) was used to record the state of the three complaints every visit and Treatment Index(VAS TI) was calculated from VAS. All the forty-two items obtained from clinical examination or questionnaire were statistically processed with $SPSS^{(R)}$ windows. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The items showed a difference between male and female subjects were maximum mouth opening, palpation score, jaw jerk during mandibular movement, and sleep disturbance. Among questionnaires such as SRRS, HAD scale and PSQI, the HAD scales showed the most highly significant correlation with the each scale item of the SCL-90R. 2. Among the groups classified by VAS TI, the group with the lowest VAS TI showed the highest VAS score in the start of treatment but showed the lowest score in the end of treatment, without respect to the type of chief complaint. From these results, it is assumed that the active treatment duration for the subjects with lower VAS score in the first visit would be longer than the subjects with higher score with the somewhat poor treatment outcome. 3. With regard to all the three complaints, the items showing significant effect in the model for prediction of treatment outcome were from questionnaire, except one item, maximum mouth opening, which suggest that the sociopsychological factors would be strongly related to development and progress of the symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.82-94
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• 1984

The variation of stomatal density and stomatal length of four species of oaks was studied for the purpose of examining the differences among populations and among individual trees within population. Nine populations of Quercus mongolica, four populations of Q. serrata and Q. variabilis respectively, and three populations of Q. acutissima were selected in the natural stands of oaks distributed through the whole country. Twelve leaves were sampled from each of 20 trees from each population. The length of 20 stomata and ten replications of stomatal density were measured from collodion replicas of each leaf under a microscope. Average stomatal densities and lengths ranged through $600-1000/mm^2$ and $19-26{\mu}m$ respectively in all of the species studied. The stomatal densities and lengths presented significant differences statistically at the level of 1 or 5% among populations and among individual trees within population in all the species. Quercus mongolica, especially, showed large variation among populations, while Q. variabilis did very narrow variation compared to the other species. The coefficients of variation of stomatal densities and lengths among individual trees within population exhibited small values of 3.7-12.0% and 1.4-5.3% respectively in all the populations of the species. The average stomatal densities of Q. mongolica showed statistically significant correlation of multiple correlation coefficient of $R_{df{\cdot}2.6}=0.868^*$ and multiple regression equation of $Y=0.041X_1(G.M.T.S.)+0.489X_2(G.M.H.S.)+22.37$ with the sum of growing season mean daily temperature and the sum of growing season mean daily humidity of the stand studied. However the average stomatal lengths showed no relation with the same meteological variables. The figures of frequency distribution of the measurements of leaves or the mean values of individual trees did not show normal distribution curves in some populations. The curves, as well as the results of ANOVA, exhibited the differences among populations.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.816-821
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• 1996

Lung transplantation is the established treatment for the end stage lung disedse find preservation of the organ is a major obstacle In performing lung transplantation. For solving this problem, we evaluated the histopathologic changes for various preservation solutions. Male mongrel dogs of similar size and weight (15∼20 kg) were used. The dog lungs were flushed with 4fl normal saline(group 1 'n:5): Modified Euro-Collins solution(group 2 n:5) and University of Wisconsin solution (group 3 : n=6), 60m11kg through a catheter placed in the main pulmonary artery aft r flushing of PGE 1 (20ng1kg). The lungs were preserved for 60 hours and measured dry and wet weights. Histologic specimens were taken every 6 hours and %toed for light microscopic evaluation. The edema ratio of the lungs peaked in 12 hours although there was no difference between the groups. Histologically, alveolar septal changes developed in one case (20%) after 1 hour preservation with normal saline. In case of the University of Wisconsin solution, the alveolar septal distortions and swellings were seen in 1 cases (20%) after 6 hours preservation compared with 3 cases (60%) after 6 hours preservation with Modified Euro-Collins solution. Changes of the pneumocytes were observed after 24 hours preser- vation in group 1, after 48 hours preservation in group 2 and after 60 hours preservation in group 3. We conclude that University of Wisconsin solution might have a superior preservation effect compare to normal saline and Modified Euro-Collins solutions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.58-70
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate children's Nutrition Quotient (NQ) and the degree of keeping the Dietary Guidelines of children and their mothers and to further examine the relationships between children and mothers. Methods: The subjects were 281 children from 4th to 6th grade in an elementary school located in Gwangju and their mothers. Results: NQ of the children was $66.8{\pm}14.2$, which was in the third (medium) grade. Among the five factors, the scores for Moderation and Diversity were in the second (high) grade, but those for Regularity, Practice, and Balance were in the third grade. Children of non-working mothers had significantly higher scores for NQ and Balance than those of working mothers. Children of mothers with age over 40 had a significantly higher score on Diversity than those with mothers under age 40. Children of mothers with higher education showed higher score for Regularity than those with lower education. Children from high-income families had higher score for Moderation. The score for children keeping the Dietary Guidelines was $78.8{\pm}10.5$ and children of non-working mothers showed higher score than those of working mothers. The score for mothers practicing the Dietary Guidelines was $80.6{\pm}9.4$ and non-working mothers and mothers with age over 40 had higher score. Children's NQ showed significant correlation with the score for keeping the Dietary Guidelines for children (r = 0.789, p < 0.001) and also with that of mothers (r = 0.235, p < 0.001). Conclusion: These results show that NQ of elementary school children in Gwangju is in the medium grade, the degree of practicing the Dietary Guidelines for children is pretty fair, and these factors are influenced by their mother's socioeconomic characteristics such as employment, age, education, and family income.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.381-390
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• 2008

Present study was conducted to investigate the effects of exercise and cholesterol diet on plasma and liver lipids, platelet aggregation, erythrocyte Na efflux and liver index such as GOT and GPT using Sprague Dawley rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups and fed control or 0.5% cholesterol diet with and without treadmill for six weeks. The final body weight of group fed cholesterol diet with exercise was somewhat decreased compared with group fed cholesterol diet without exercise. L.W/B.W ratio was significantly increased in groups fed cholesterol diet (p < 0.01), but exercise tended to decrease this ratio. Plasma total cholesterol was significantly increased and HDL-cholesterol was decreased in groups fed cholesterol diet (p < 0.01). Plasma triglyceride was significantly decreased in groups fed cholesterol diet compared with groups fed control diet (p < 0.01). Plasma triglyceride of groups with exercise was significantly decreased compared with their non exercising counterparts regardless diet (p < 0.05). Liver total cholesterol and triglyceride was significantly increased in groups fed cholesterol diet (p < 0.01), but exercise did not affect on these levels. Na-K ATPase was somewhat decreased in groups fed cholesterol diet, and exercise tended to recover the reduced Na-K ATPase. Na passive transport was significantly decreased in group fed control diet without exercise and significantly increased in group fed cholesterol diet with exercise, there were significant differences between groups (p < 0.05). There were no differences in total Na efflux and intracellular Na among groups, and total Na efflux was not correlated with intracellular Na. Hematocrit was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in group fed cholesterol diet without exercise compared with other groups. Platelet aggregation in the initial slope and the maximum was increased in groups fed cholesterol diet, but not statistically significant. Exercise especially increased the initial slope of aggregation. Plasma GOT and GPT was significantly increased in groups fed cholesterol diet (p < 0.01), and exercise in group fed cholesterol diet significantly decreased both GOT and GPT compared with the non exercising counterpart (p < 0.01). This study showed that cholesterol diet increases plasma and liver lipids and GOT and GPT, and exercise improves plasma and liver lipid profile and liver index of GOT and GPT preventing fatty liver.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2001

Background : The eosinophil chemotactic and activating effects of eotaxin and the known association of eosinophils with asthma suggest that eotaxin expression is increased during an asthma attack. This study was aimed to determine whether the plasma eotaxin levels are higher in patients during an asthma attack and to correlate the eotaxin levels with the disease activity, severity and response to therapy. Method : A case-control study of the plasma eotaxin levels was performed in 100 patients with exacerbated asthma and 48 age- and sex-matched subjects with stable asthma. Results : The plasma eotaxin levels were significantly higher in the 100 patients with exacerbated asthma($233{\pm}175\;pg/mL$) than in the 48 subjects with stable asthma($169{\pm}74\;pg/mL$). A trend toward higher eotaxin levels was observed in asthmatic subjects who were taking oral steroids ($332{\pm}225\;pg/mL$) than in those who were not ($214{\pm}159\;pg/mL$) and higher levels were found in those admitted to the hospital ($275{\pm}212\;pg/mL$) than in those discharged after receiving only emergency treatment ($190{\pm}115\;pg/mL$). The eotaxin levels inversely correlated with the $FEV_$ (r=-0.25, p<0.01). The eotaxin levels were higher in moderate persistent ($323{\pm}256\;pg/mL$) and severe persistent asthmatics ($276{\pm}170\;pg/mL$) than in mild intermittent asthmatics ($l60{\pm}60\;pg/mL$). Conclusion : Eotaxin expression is directly associated with asthma exacerbation, impaired pulmonary function and the disease severity.