• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.3
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• pp.315-321
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• 1988

To investigate and analyze the change in the forest community structure between non-attacked time(in 1980) and severly damaged time(in 1987) by pine gall midge, Thecodoplosis japonensis, four plots with five subplots were sampled at Cheongwon-gun of Chungcheungbuk-do. The total number of woody species per 0.2ha changed 32 in 1980 to 53 in 1987. According to the damage increasing, the importance value of the genus Quercus as a substituting species has sprung up. Especially the importance value of Quercus serrata and Q. aliena singnificantly increased in the heavily insect infested forest. As to changes of forest community structure during 7 years, diversity of investigation structure has increased. The similarity indices between 1980 and 1987 were 52.9% and 49.7% in the understory and shrub stratum, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 1989

A valley and a ridge forest in Mt. Gaya area was studied to investigate forest structure in relation to altitude and part of slope. Sixty-three quadrats were set up in the valley forest along altitude of 600m to 1,000m and part of slope, and thirty-eight quadrats were set up in the ridge forest along altitude of 700m to 1,430m. According to the importance values, the valley forest was Quercus mongolica-Lespedeza maximowiczii community and the ridge forest was Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron mucronulatum community. Similarity index between the valley forest community and the ridge forest community was 37.2%. Shannon's species diversities of the valley forest community and the ridge forest community were 1.3402 and 1.0098, respectively. According to importance values by crown stories and DCA ordination, successional trends of tree species may be from Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis through Quercus mongolica to Quercus serrata and Carpinus laxiflora. As going from the lower part to upper part of the slope in the valley forest, the importance values of Quercus mongolica, Quercus aliena, Rhododendron mucronulatum and Lespedeza maximowiczii increased while those of Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus rhynchophylla decreased. With increasing elevation in the valley and ridge forest, the importance value of Pinus densiflora decreased while that of Quercus mongolica increased. In the valley forest, densities of canopy and shrubstratum increased as increasing elevation, and the number of species and species diversity decreased as increasing elevation and going from the lower part to the upper of slope. The range of similarity indices between parts of the slope, and the elevation belts of 100m in the valley forest were 66.6-69.2 and 25.9-79.8%, respectively. In the ridge forest, density and basal area of canopy tended to decreased as increasing elevation, and the range of similarity indices between elevation belts of 100m was 27.9-98.2%.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.506-522
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• 1998

Visitors to Naesorak in Soraksan National Park were surveyed from July to December. During this time, 452 visitors were contacted. Of those individuals, 57.08% were males, 30.97% of respondents reported that they had gone beyond highschool, and almost one-half(49.12%) had gone as for as college, 40.93% were 10\cdot 20 years of age. The purpose of this is to suggest objective basic data for the use development and conservation management of the national park through the quantitative analysis of the visual quality included in the physical environment of the Naesorak in Soraksan National Park, for this, spatial images strusture of physical elements have been analyzed by factor analysis algorithm and degree of visual quality have been measured mainly by questionnaries. Result of this thesis can be summarized as follows. Factors covering the spatial image of the Naesorak in Soraksan National Park landscape have been found to be the overall spatial, potentiality, synthetic evaluation, physical and natural quality factors. As for the factors determining the degree of visual quality of clear of valley, peculiarity of configuration, natural of trail, harmony of suitable artificial planting and temple.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2010

This is a case study to research the environmental changes that occurred during the Latter Half of the postglacial age around the Basin of Onyang River in Asan, Korea. In line with this purpose, the author performed a pollen analysis and a radiocarbon dating on the deposits of alluvial fan around the upper Geumgok River, a tributary of Onyang River. Sampling point was at the altitude of about 67.5 meters, which belongs to the central zone of the cool temperate forest. The followings are the results of the study. The study area has passed through SC-I (the coniferous forest period in which Pinus was dominant), SC-II (the deciduous broad-leaved forest period in which Quercus and Castanea were dominant) and SC-III (the mixed conifer and deciduous broad-leaved forest period, in which Pinus, Quercus and Ulmus/Zelkova were dominant) respectively since about 3,000 yrB.P. SC-I period and SC-II period are presumed to be between about 3,000 and 2,000 yrB. P., and SC-III period to begin after 2,000 yrB.P. In comparison with the nationwide pollen zone during the postglacial age, SC-I and SC-II periods are contrasted with the R-IIIa zone and also the SC-III zone with the RIIIb zone. In addition, it is assumed that Pinus densiflora forest luxuriated there since 2,000 yrB.P. due to the destruction of forests, and that a lot of Fagopyrum pollen appeared; altogether, it was the so-called human interference period, from which forests began to be markedly destroyed. It is concluded that in those days inhabitants leaded agricultural life.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.56-71
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• 1980

To study the changes of vegetational composition of each plant successional stage of Pinus densiflora forest caused by pine gall midge damage, Thecodiplosis japonensis, located in Kyonggi-do area, the middle part of Korea, four districts, Anseong, Yongin, Gwangju, and Gapyeong, were selected according to the length of insect damage duration. The forest in the Anseong district was the noninfested one selected as the check. And forests in Yongin, Gwangju, and Gapyeong were the recent]y damaged, severely damaged, and damage prolonged ones in sequence. It was considered that this order could be in concord with the gradual transition of plant successional stage. In view of temperature, precipitation and soil factors, these four districts were sited within the same environment. Four survey plots were selected from each district and the distance between them was 3~4 km. Then again four subplots were set within a plot. Through needle accumulation after insect infestation, light intensity, soil moisture content, and the amount of soil organic matter were increased and these conditions could create a favorable environment enabling the new species invasion and their growth. These were naturally closely related with the increase in quantity of Pinus densiflora defoliation. After considerable time lapse, the quantities of above mentioned factors decreased with the development of the new substitute tree species. It was found that Quercus mongolica was an excellently substitute tree species come first in this studied area. Species diversity increased to a degree at the early stage of the duration of pine gall midge damage and decreased thereafter. As the same manner, similarity index value between plots in the same district decreased to a degree and increased thereafter. This was linked admittedly with the increase and decrease of tree species and evenness. Synthesizing above mentioned results, the process of plant succession studied quantitatively by changes of relative density and relative importance value, it can be concluded that Pinus densiflora forest gives way to Genus Quercus forest in which Genus Lespedeza and Genus Rhododendron species become as subdominance species after removal of the Pinus densiflora trees damaged by pine gall midge.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.4
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• pp.460-472
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• 1994

This study has been conducted to give some ideas for reasonable ecological management of Taejon city and its adjacent forest ecosystem against the effect of acid rain. Rain monitoring points to analyse its components represented 1 point in industrial area, 4 points in commercial area, 4 points in residential area, and 5 points in suburban area and forest survey was done in 7 forest sites adjacent to rain monitoring points. Transformed vegetation index(TVI) based on Landsat TM data was analysed for forest area. Taejon area was seriously contaminated by air pollutants and average concentration of anions in precipitation were 20.16mg/l for $SO_4{^{2-}}$, 3.65mg/l for $NO_3{^-}$, and 3.09mg/l for $Cl^-$. Anion in precipitation were $1.09mg/m^2/month$ for $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $0.23mg/m^2/month$ for $NO_3{^-}$, and $0.20mg/m^2/month$ for $Cl^-$. Cation in precipitation were $0.14mg/m^2/month$ for $Ca^{2+}$, $0.10mg/m^2/month$ for $NH_4{^+}$, $0.08mg/m^2/month$ for $Na^+$, $0.07mg/m^2/month$ for $K^+$, and $0.08mg/m^2/month$ for $Mg^{2+}$. The region with the highest concentration of $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $Cl^-$ in rain was industrial area. $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $Cl^-$ concentrations in industrial area were 43.08, 3.88, and 3.64ppm, respectively. Forest soil showed strongly acidic ranging pH4.16-4.94. Transformed vegetation index(TVI) were 3.11 in Dangsan, 4.00 in Kyechoksan, 4.13 in Bomunsan, 4.18 in Kabhasan, 3.34 in Bongsan, 4.13 in Sikchangsan, and 4.20 in Seongchisan. Dangsan forest located near in industrial area showed the lowest TVI.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.2
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• pp.146-157
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• 1997

To investigate the structure and the conservation strategy of Korean native species, Abies koreana forest at Cheonwangbong-Deokpyungbong area in Chirisan National Park, 48 plots($10{\times}10m$) were set up with random sampling method. Three groups - Abies koreana community, Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community, Picea jezoensis-Betula ermanii community - were classified by cluster analysis. High positive correlations were shown between Picea jezoensis and Sorbus commixta : Quercus mongodica and Fraxinus sieboldiana, Symplocos chinensis : Euonymus macroptera and Vaccinium koreanum, and high negative correlations were shown between Quereus mongolica and Sorbus commixta. Species diversity(H') of investigated area was calculated 0.7208-1.2074. Vigor of Abies koreana was depressed, 12.24 of total number of Abies koreana investigated were dead. DBH of dead individuals ranged mainly 10-30cm.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.179-184
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• 2003

This study investigated the relationship of fuel weight and depth together with slope on the spread of forest fire. Fire spread was faster on the greater slope in forested land. Fire had a greater spread rate with lighter fuel weight. The thickness of the fuel bed and forest fire spread rate were not related. The fire spread rate was closely related to the slope and weight of the fuel bed (significant at 0.01, 0.05, respectively). The thickness of the fuel bed was not significant (0.05).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 1991

A survey of subalpine zone (altitude is 1,360-1,410m) in Mt. Chiri, was conducted using 25 sample plots of 500$m^2$ size. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on woody plants and environmental variables. By TWINSPAN techniques, the plant community were divided into five groups by importance value of Abies nephrolepis. The dividing groups are Fraxinus rhynchophylla - Magnolia sieboldii community, Quercus mongolica - Rhododendron schlippenbachii community, Q. mongolica - F. rhynchophylla - Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community, Q. mongolica- A. nephrolepis- Rh. schlippenbachii community, and A. nephrolepis- Pinus densiflora - Rh. schlippenbachii community. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be from Q. mongolica to A. nephrolepis in the canopy layer. It was no difference between the stand scores of DCA and environmental variables.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 1991

To investigate the structure and the conservation of Abies koreana forest at Banyabong area in Chirisan, 38 plots(100$m^2$) set up with random sampling method. Dead individuals of Abies koreana were 12.81%. were observed mainly upper-layer trees. A few seedlings of Abies koreana were observed. Three groups were classified by cluster analysis. High positive correlations was proved between Abies koreana and Rhododendron mucrolunulatum var. ciliatum, and High negative correlations was proved between Abies koreana and Fraxinus sieboliana, Carpinus cordata, Sasa purpurascens and Cornus controversa. Species diversity(H') of investigated area was calculated 1.9796-2.7509. To conserve Abies koreana forest at Banyabong area in Chirisan. Research and prescription on the declining of Abies koreana was needed and Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Fraxinus sieboliana, Carpinus cordata, Sasa purpurascens and Cornus controversa in the Abies koreana forest should be cleared out.