• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.18-37
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• 2019

This study derived a method for establishing the chronology of cloud patterns by examining the arrangement of the treasure motifs in the cloud pattern used in the relevant pattern-decorated book covers of 89 Oegyujanggak Uigwe books, which are currently housed in the National Museum of Korea. The cloud pattern with a treasure motif was used in the covers of a total of 89 books from King Hyojong Gukjangdogam Uigwe (1659) to Sadoseja Garyedogam Uigwe (1744), spanning 86 years. First, to analyze the cloud pattern, it should be broken down into smaller parts to the extent that the different shapes of treasure motifs can be recognized. Secondly, the method of decoding the pattern is as follows: First, check whether the pattern is arranged in one or two directions from the vertex of the cloud's head, and determine the direction of the cloud tail. Then, decode the treasure motif's arrangement starting from the vertex of the cloud's head toward the direction the tail of manja is headed. Record the findings of this decoding process by categorizing them. Thirdly, as a result of the analysis, a total of 28 types of cloud patterns with treasure motifs were identified in 89 books. There were 45 types of treasure motifs used in such patterns. Finally, we have concluded that applying the method of decoding the treasure motif in the cloud pattern to portraits, excavated costumes, and various relics can be useful to establish the chronology of cloud patterns in the late Joseon period. The method suggested in this study is called 'The Reading Method of Chronology in Cloud Pattern with Treasure Motifs' (also 'Jeung-ha Cloud Pattern Reading Method').

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.31-47
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• 2009

We performed petrological, geochemical, and geochronological study for the Pyeonghae granite gneiss and the Hada leuco-granite gneiss intruding the Paleoproterozoic meta-sedimentary rocks (pyeonghae formation and Wonnam formation) of the Pyeonghae area located in northeastem part of the Yeongnam (Sobaeksan) massif. The Pyeonghae granite gneiss generally has higher abundance of mafic minerals (biotite etc.), and posesses higher ${Fe_2}{O_3}^t$, MgO, CaO, $TiO_2$, $P_{2}O_{5}$ contents but lower $SiO_2$ and $K_{2}O$ contents than the Hada leuco-granite gneiss which tends to have slightly high $Al_{2}O_{3}$ and $Na_{2}O$ contents and slightly high larger negative Eu anomalies. However both gneisses reveal very similar REE concentrations and chondrite-normalized patterns and apparently show differentiation trend affected by crystallization of biotite, plagioclase, apatite and sphene. Their peraluminous and calc-alkaline chemistry suggests tectonic environment of volcanic arc. SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb age determinations yield upper intercept ages of $1990{\pm}23\;Ma$ ($2{\sigma}$) and $1939{\pm}41\;Ma$ ($2{\sigma}$), and weighted mean $^{207}Pb/^{206}Pb$ ages of $1982{\pm}6.3\;Ma$ ($2{\sigma}$) and $1959{\pm}28\;Ma$ ($2{\sigma}$) for the Pyeonghae granite gneiss and the Hada leuco-granite gneiss respectively, showing overlapping ages within the error. Our study suggests that the Precambrian granitoids in this area intruded contemporaneously with the Buncheon granite gneissin volcanic arc environment.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.66-83
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• 2018

This article focuses how the materials of hatstrings of the 19th to 20th century gat, the Korean top hat for men among the collections of National Folk Museum of Korea, was transformed after port opening treaties with overseas since 1876. As a result of analyzing the materials of the hatstrings, amber, tortoiseshell, wood and bamboo as the traditional materials were used, and ivory, glass (soda glass, lead glass, alkali mixed glass) and plastics (cellulose nitrate, phenol-formaldehyde, polystyrene, acryl) were newly used for the hatstrings. Bamboo, wood and amber were the most frequently used materials. Bamboo was mainly used for the pipe of hatstring and were combined with beads and central decorations of other materials. This shows the trend of bamboo hatstring according to the simplification of the clothing and the culture by Regent Heungseon Daewongun. Ambers were used in the central decorations and beads and the origin of ambers was baltic amber just like the amber relics found in Korea. Compositions of glass were soda glass and alkali mixed glass which were excavated or handed down in Korea from ancient times to Joseon dynasty. But in the case of lead glass, Na2O was detected and it is considered to be a new type lead glass for crafts which came from overseas after port opening since 1876 because it showed the characteristic that it deviates from the lead glass component found in Korea. Plastics such as cellulose nitrate and phenol-formaldehyde were used as new synthetic materials to replace traditional materials such as tortoiseshell, amber, and coral as in the West. Cracks, crazing, crumbly and yellowing of cellulose nitrate of hatstrings were observed by deterioration. The survey of the materials of the 19th to 20th century hatstrings among the collections of National Folk Museum of Korea showed that the introduction of new materials such as glass and plastics were used to replace natural materials such as tortoiseshell and amber along with the use of traditional materials after port opening since 1876.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.623-631
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• 2010

Hericium erinaceus, an edible and medicinal mushroom belonging to the Basidiomycota family, has been used for curing gastric ulcers and stomach cancers in human beings and is also known to have good inhibitory effects on sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma in mice. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to as Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were extracted from the fruiting body of the mushroom. In in vitro cytotoxicity tests, crude polysaccharides were not cytotoxic against cell lines such as Sarcoma 180, HepG2, HT-29 and NIH3T3 at concentrations of $10{\sim}2,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited a life prolongation effect of 29.1~54.1% in mice previously inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. Na increased the numbers of spleen cells by 2.9 fold at a concentration of $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ compared with the control. Fr. Na improved the immuno-potentiating activity of B lymphocytes by increasing alkaline phosphatase activity by 5.5 fold compared with the control at a concentration of $200\;{\mu}g/ml$. Fr. NaCl increased the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes by 4 and 2.3 folds at a concentration of 50 mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, the crude polysaccharides extracted from the fruiting body of H. erinaceus could improve antitumor activities in mice.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.274-285
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• 2007

The subfamily Chrominae of damselfishes (Teleostei: Pomacentridae) includes the genus Chromis and Dascyllus. They are found throughout the tropical oceans and form a major component of coral reef communities. There are 5 species of the Chrominae currently recognized in Korea. This study was conducted to infer phylogenetic position of two Korean Chromis species and one Dascyllus species within general category of their each genus in worldwide level. This study also includes one species of Japanese Dascyllus. In the phylogenetic analysis, the Japanese D. aruanus grouped with D. aruanus previously reported from French Polynesia. Korean Chromis fumea grouped with Australian C. nitida and the p-distance value between the two species is relatively very low (0.047). Korean C. notatus grouped together with C. flavomaculata (New Caledonia). In the sequence analysis of some Korean and Japanese damselfishes, there was no sequence variation between D. melanurus (Jeju, Korea) and D. melanurus (Indo-Pacific), but the sequences of the two populations were different in only one nucleotide sites from that of D. melanurus in Indonesian Archipelago. The sequences of Dascyllus aruanus (Japan) were different in two nucleotide sites from it in French Polynesia. There were high difference between the sequences of two Korean species, Chromis fumea and Korean C. notatus. The variations among mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences indicate that the gene sequence could be used as DNA barcode for identification of local populations of D. aruaus and D. melanurus as well as species level.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.373-377
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• 2014

In this study, we demonstrated whether the extract of Fomes fomentarius (FFE; FF extract) could be used to stimulate macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells). All four doses of FFE (5, 10, 20, and $40{\mu}g/mL$) had no significant cytotoxicity during the entire experimental period. FFE potently increased the production of nitric oxide (NO). Consistent with these observations, inducible NO synthase levels were increased by FFE in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, FFE increased the production of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 in the same cells. These stimulating effects of FFE were found to be caused by the stimulation of phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and MAP kinases (p38, ERK, and JNK). These results suggest that FFE may be used as new agents for wide application in the immune study of mushroom.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.94-99
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to utilize hydroculture by the vital means of the improvement of indoor relative humidity. This experiment employed a search of the effect of Scindapsus aureus and Syngonium podophyllum that are generalized for hydroculture foliage plant by a difference of volume ratio, pot media and plants species. In the case of Scindapsus aureus, relative humidity was high for growth chamber in which plants presented as opposed to control growth chambers in which there were no plants. Although relative humidity was 25% in control chamber, there was an increase of 40% at a 2% volume ratio, 45% at a 3% volume ratio and 50% at a 5% volume ratio. The relative humidity of Syngonium podophyllum was 40% at a 2% volume ratio, 44% at a 3% volume ratio and 46% at a 5% volume ratio, while the control treatment was 25% relative humidity in hydroculture. Both the control treatment and hydroball pot in a hydroball container were high at first. As time progressed, artificial soil pots in water containers was similar when housed within the control chamber by about 45% relative humidity. Hydroball pots in water container had about 30% relative humidity. Ardisia pusilla of hydroball poIt in hydroball container had about 38% relative humidity.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.173-192
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of bioactive glass and natural coral on the human periodontal ligament fibroblast(HPLF) behaviors during the regeneration process of peridontium. To determine the cellular events occuring in the presence of the particles of bioactive glass and natural coral, HPLF were isolated from healthy premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic treatment. Cells were cultured in ${\alpha}$MEM at 37$^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$, 95% humidity incubator. Bioactive glass and natural coral were powdered, and each particles(<40${\mu}$m) were placed on the cultured cells at the concentration of 0.3mg/ml, and 1,0mg/ml for experimental group. In control group no particles were added. And each group was evaluated by examining the cell morphology under phase-contrast micrograph at 4 day and transmission electron micrograph(TEM) and scanning electron micrograph(SEM) at 14 day, alkaline phosphatase activity at 5 and 9 day, protain synthesis at 4 day, DNA synthesis at 1, 2, 3 and 4 day, cell proliferation at 1, 3, 5,7 and 9 day and the formation of bone nodule at 30 day after culturing all groups in mineralizing supplemented mediun, No significant changes in cell morphology by adding these two matirials were found under phase contrast microscopy and TEM. HPLF phagocytocized each particles suggesting that HPLF is involved in the process of resorbing each particles and that bioactive glass were more biocompatible than natural coral. The ALPase activity of bioactive glass 0.3 mg/ml was similar with control groups and all the rests of control groups were significantly low(P<0.01) indicating a transient dedifferentiation of HPLF in the presence of bioactive glass and natural coral particles. There were no significant differences of protein synthesis between all groups. The DNA synthesis in experimental groups were significantly lower than control groups at 1, 2 and 3 day (P<0.01) but became similar to control groups at 4 day. Between control groups, the DNA synthesis in bioactive glass O.3mglml group was significantly higher than other groups(P<0.01). Cell proliferation in natural coral 1.0mg/ml and bioactive glass 1.0mglml groups were significantly lower than control group at 3 day(P<0.05) and there were no differences at 5, 7, 9 day. There were more bone nodule formation in experimental groups than in control groups. In conclusion, these results indicated that bioactive glass and natural coral have some effects of a transient dedifferentiation on HPLF and regeneration of periodontal tissues, however any significant cytotoxic effect on HPLF by these two particles were not found.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.574-584
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• 1997

Benthic marine algae of Shinjido located on the southern coast of Korea have been investigated to know the floristic composition and community structure. The study was conducted from the intertidal to subtidal zones at two different locations (Kangdok and Donggori) using a line transect method from January to October, 1994. A total of 120 species of marine algae were identified, and they includes 15 green algae, 31 brown algae and 74 red algae. Of these, 87 and 104 species of marine algae occurred at Kangdok and Donggori, respectively. Algal vegetations were divided into three different zonations: the upper, the middle and the lower zones. The representative species are Enteromorpha compressa, Ulva pertusa, Porphyra suborbiculata, lshige okamurae in the upper zone; Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum thunbergii, Gigatina intermedia, Corallina pilulifera in the middle zone; Pachymeniopsis elliptica, Gelidium amansii, Sargassum horneri in the lower zone. In terms of biomass the dominant species were U. pertusa, I. okamurae, H. fusiformis, C. thunbergii, C. pilulifera, C. amansii, C. tenella. The flora could be classified into six functional form groups such as the coarsely branched form $(36.7\%)$ the filamentous form $(27.5\%)$, the sheet form $(15.8\%)$, the thick leathery form $(10.0\%)$, the jointed calcarious form $(5.0\%)$ and the crustose form $(5.0\%)$.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.14-25
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• 2012

Objectives : To observe physiological changes during clinical acupuncture treatment. Methods : We recruited 40 healthy volunteers who had experienced an acupuncture treatment at least once within the past three years. The experimental group was divided into four groups according to the needling site and frequency of electrical stimulation. Sites consisted of abdomen and legs. Frequencies consisted of 100 Hz and 2 Hz. The procedures of experimental treatment consisted of seven phases, Resting I phase (Resting I), Needle insertion phase (Insertion), Maintenance of needle insertion I phase (Maintain I), Electrical stimulation phase (ES), Maintenance of needle insertion II phase (Maintain II), Needle removal phase (Removal) and Resting II phase (Resting II). We measured the surface electromygraphy (SEMG) through an electrode on the frontalis muscle during all phases consecutively. Results : When SEMGs of all seven phases were analyzed, they significantly increased or decreased according to phases. SEMGs of Insertion, Maintain I, ES and Maintain II phase significantly increased more than RestingI in abdomen and legs groups. SEMGs of the abdomen group were measured as being $4.78{\pm}0.74{\mu}V$ on Resting I, $16.48{\pm}3.97{\mu}V$ on Insertion, $46.31{\pm}10.56{\mu}V$ on Maintain I, $45.88{\pm}9.72{\mu}V$ on ES, $45.56{\pm}9.69{\mu}V$ on Maintain II, $18.76{\pm}3.05{\mu}V$ on Removal, and $3.75{\pm}0.65{\mu}V$ on Resting II. SEMGs of the legs group were measured as being $3.34{\pm}0.35{\mu}V$ on Resting I, $12.11{\pm}1.76{\mu}V$ on Insertion, $36.74{\pm}6.99{\mu}V$ on Maintain I, $33.57{\pm}6.30{\mu}V$ on ES, $32.66{\pm}6.03{\mu}V$ on Maintain II, $14.08{\pm}2.15{\mu}V$ on Removal, and $2.88{\pm}0.32{\mu}V$ on Resting II. Conclusions : SEMG changed differently according to processes of acupuncture. Electrical stimulation showed different change of SEMG. Thus, acupuncture treatment may change the status of the autonomic nervous system.