• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2012

Aqueous poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution was modified by using hydrophobic vinyltriethoxysilane (VTEOS) and then adding different amounts of poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) to the resulting solution. Thermal and mechanical properties, contact angle, water vapor transmission rate (MVTR) and oxygen gas transmission rate ($O_2TR$) of the film samples fabricated by these solutions were investigated. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the VTEOS-modified films was sightly increased and the value remained unchanged according to the amount of PAA. The tensile strength of the VTEOS-modified films was found to be 9.48~10.72 $kg/mm^2$ which showed no significant difference compared with that of PVA. The film prepared with VTEOS-modified PVA/PAA (= 90/10), of which the swelling and solubility were measured to be 198% and 0%, respectively, showed improved water-resistance. The MVTR and $O_2TR$ for the PET film (thickness 50 ${\mu}m$) coated with VTEOS-modified PVA/PAA (= 90/10) film (thickness 2.5 ${\mu}m$) were measured to be 11.04 $g/m^2/day$ and 3.1 $cc/m^2/day$, respectively.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.182-190
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• 2017

All liquids contain a small amount of gaseous components and the amount of gases dissolved in a liquid is in accordance with Henry's Law. In a multi-stage thermal-type seawater desalination plant, as the supplied seawater undergoes variations in temperature and pressure in each evaporator, the gases dissolved in the seawater are discharged from the liquid. The discharged gases are carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, and these emitted gases are non-condensable. From the viewpoint of convective heat transfer, the evaluation of non-condensable gas released during a vacuum evaporation process is a very important design factor because the non-condensable gases degrade the performance of the cooler. Furthermore, in a thermal-type seawater desalination plant, most evaporators operate under vacuum, which maintained through vacuum system such as a steam ejector or a vacuum pump. Therefore, for the proper design of a vacuum system, estimating the non-condensable gases released from seawater is highly crucial. In the study, non-condensable gases released in a thermal-type seawater desalination plant were calculated quantitatively. The calculation results showed that the NCG releasing rate decreased as the stage comes getting a downstream and it was proportional to the freshwater production rate.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.211-220
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• 2022

Poultry are exposed to extremely high levels of oxidative stress as a consequence of the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by endogenous and exogenous stressors, such as high-stocking densities, thermal stress, environmental and feed contamination, along with factors associated with intensive breeding systems. Oxidative stress promotes lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and inflammation, which can have detrimental effects on the health of birds. During the course of evolution, birds have developed antioxidant defense mechanisms that contribute to maintaining homeostasis when exposed to endogenous and exogenous stressors. The primary antioxidant defense systems are enzymatic and non-enzymatic in nature and play roles in protecting cells from ROS attack. Recently, plant flavonoids, which have been established to reduce oxidative stress, have been attracting considerable attention as potential feed additives. Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds that can be stabilized by binding structural compounds with ROS, and can promote the elimination of ROS by inducing the expression of antioxidant enzymes. However, although flavonoids can contribute to reducing lipid peroxidation and thereby enhance the antioxidant capacity of birds, they have low solubility in the gastrointestinal tract, and consequently, it is necessary to develop a delivery technology that can facilitate the effect intestinal absorption of these compounds. Furthermore, it is important to determine the dietary levels of flavonoids by assessing the exact antioxidant effects in the gastrointestinal tract wherein the concentrations of dietary flavonoids are highest. It is also necessary to examine the expression of transcriptional factors and vitagenes associated with the efficient antioxidant effects induced by flavonoids. It is anticipated that the application of flavonoids as natural antioxidants will become a particularly important field in the poultry industry.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.502-508
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• 1999

We prepared non-porous membrane on the $Al_2O_3$ substrate with the different pore by the size by the plasma polymerization of $CHF_3$. We studied the permeability characteristics of membrane by Ar treatment and the effect of substrate pore size on gas permeation mechanism. The selectivity was increased with Ar plasma treatment time and rf-power near the substrate to the cathode while the permeability was decreased. It was observed that the solution-diffusion model would be applied to non-porous layers while it is applied Knudsen diffusion model to the substrate. From the experimental observation, it could be concluded that the pore size of $Al_2O_3$ membrane influenced on the permeability and the selectivity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.48-48
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• 1999

티타늄 알루미나이드 합금은 이들의 강도나 고온 특성 때문에 초음속 비행기의 구조물질이나 수소를 연료로 사용하는 비행기의 엔진물질로 각광받고 있다. 그러나 티타늄 알루미나이드 합금들은 이들이 갖는 규칙적인 미세구조로 인하여 실온에서 낮은 연성을 나타내는 단점이 있다. 실온에서 낮은 연성을 갖는 티타늄 알루미나이드 합금의 단점은 텅스텐, 물리브덴, 니오비움, 탄타륨, 바나디움 등의 베타 안정화 물질들을 첨가함으로서 어느정도 극복되고 있다. 따라서 티타늄 알루미나이드 합금이 초음속 비행기의 구조 물질이나 수소를 사용하는 엔진 물질로 사용되기 위해서는 이 물질들의 산화연구가 필수적이다. 지금까지 티타늄의 산화연구에서 알루미늄이나 니오비움의 역할에 대해서는 여러 연구자들이 연구를 한 바 있다. Chaze와 Coddet는 알루미늄이 티타늄에서 산소의 용해도를 감소시키고, Chen과 Rosa는 니오비움이 티타늄에서 산화물 형성율을 낮춘다는 것을 각각 알아냈다. 그러나 지금까지 티타늄 알루미나이드의 산화연구는 충분하지 못했다. 지금까지 티타늄 알루미나이드의 산화연구에서 밝혀진 산화운동학의 내용은 가열온도와 가열시간에 따라 크게 다른 두 개 혹은 그 이상의 산화물을 갖는다는 것이다. 본 연구의 목적은 여러 가지 티타늄 알루미나이드 합금의 산화특성을 밝히는 것이다. 이를 위하여 첫 번째 실험은 실온 공기 중에서 자연적으로 산화된 여러 가지 티타늄 알루미나이드 합금들($\alpha$2,$\beta$,${\gamma}$)을 초고진공($\leq$10-11Torr)속에 넣고, 시료의 온도를 실온에서 100$0^{\circ}C$까지 변화시키면서 AES(Auger Electron Spectroscopy)와 ISS(Ion Scattering Spectroscopy)를 사용하여 각각의 온도에서 여러 가지 시료들의 표면조성을 조사했다. 두 번째 실험은 티타늄 알루미나이드 시료를 고순도 공기(hydrocarbon$\leq$0.1^g , pp m) 중에서 각각 $600^{\circ}C$에서 100$0^{\circ}C$까지 가열하여 산화시켰다. 이 시료의 산화도는 각각의 가열온도에서 가열시간을 변하시키면서 TGA(Thermogravimetric Apparatus)로 측정했다. 실온 공기중에서 자연적으로 산화된 여러 가지 티타늄 알루미나이드 합금들을 초고진공속에 넣어 100$0^{\circ}C$까지 가열한 실험에서는 이들 시료에 포함된 알루미늄의 양에 따라서 표면 조성이 크게 다른 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 고순도 공기 중에서 100$0^{\circ}C$까지 가열하여 산화시킨 티타늄 알루미나이드 산화물의 산화기구는 명백한 3단계 포물선 산화의 특성을 나타냈다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 1992

Plasma are melting method was used in making Mo-1.17 Ti-0.18 Zr-0.06 C ingot having over 99% of the theoretical density. Oxygen content herewith, decreased from the origin of 830ppm to 40ppm. After cold rolling of Mo alloy by 50%, the recrystallization behaviors were studied in the temperature range from $800^{\circ}C$ to $2100^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr isochronical holding time and also at $1400^{\circ}C$, $1500^{\circ}C$, $1600^{\circ}C$ for varying isothermal holding time 0 to 108000sec. The complete recrystallization temperature of Mo was $1400^{\circ}C$ but that of Mo alloy was $1700^{\circ}C$. 50%-1 hr recrystallization temperature of Mo alloy sheet was about $1500^{\circ}C$ and when compared to Mo there was an increase of over $300^{\circ}C$. The activation energy of recrystallization of Mo alloy sheet was 508kJ/mol.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.375-380
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• 2003

In this study. we have intended to control the properties of surface reaction zone generated between pure titanium and oxide investment moulds. Commercially pure titanium was centrifugally casted and silica$.$alumina based phosphate bonded investment was used as the mould material. The effect of cooling methods after casting on the surface reaction zone and mechanical properties of casts were investigated. The resulting casts showed the multilayered surface reaction zone regardless of cooling method. Especially. water cooling method produced the titanium casts with thinner surface reaction zone. weaker strength. and higher elongation properties compared to air cooling. It can thus be known that the resulting casts had satisfactory mechanical properties as dental materials. From these results, the cooling rate dependence of interfacial and mechanical properties can be attributed to the diffusion of oxygen from casting environment, which control the reaction of titanium and mould.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.17-25
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• 2017

Electric arc furnace steelmaking dust has various physicochemical properties as volatile components generated in the melting process of steel scraps in an electric arc furnace, which is captured in oxide form as fine powder by reacting with oxygen in the air. In order to efficiently recycle these electric arc furnace dust, a kinetic basic experiment and a pilot production test were carried out in parallel. As a result, it was found that the electric arc furnace dust contain a large amount of Cl and alkali components, thus it was expected that the compounds have a great adverse effect on the actual operation for the recycling. It was confirmed that the volatilization behavior was progressing actively at $1100^{\circ}C$ and the electric arc furnace dust was melted at $1250^{\circ}C$. These results are the same as a result of pilot test for the formation behavior of zinc oxide and reduced iron. These results should be useful as basic data for designing the recycling plant of the electric arc furnace dust and establishing the operating conditions.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.488-495
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• 2015

Aminated polyphenylene oxide (APPO) based on polyphenylene oxide (PPO) was synthesized using trimethylamine and chloromethyl ethyl ether. Then, the electro-physical properties of APPO membranes which were prepared from the 8 wt% APPO solution dissolved in chloroform were characterized. Contact angle was $44.4^{\circ}$, swelling degree was 37.9%. The typical electrical properties of ion exchange capacity and ion conductivity were 2.3 meq/g, 0.027 S/cm, respectively. And the single gas permeation experiments were performed by using the time-lag method for $N_2$, $O_2$, $CH_4$, $CO_2$, $SO_2$. For the acid gases of $CO_2$ and $SO_2$, their permeability were measured 20.7 and 511.5 barrers, respectively. In the case of selectivity, $CO_2/CH_4$, $CO_2/N_2$ and $SO_2/CO_2$ were measured 39.8, 42.2, 24.7, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.103-115
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• 2000

The formation of brown-colored precipitates is one of the serious problems frequently encountered in the development and supply of groundwater in Korea, because by it the water exceeds the drinking water standard in terms of color. taste. turbidity and dissolved iron concentration and of often results in scaling problem within the water supplying system. In groundwaters from the Pajoo area, brown precipitates are typically formed in a few hours after pumping-out. In this paper we examine the process of the brown precipitates' formation using the equilibrium thermodynamic and kinetic approaches, in order to understand the origin and geochemical pathway of the generation of turbidity in groundwater. The results of this study are used to suggest not only the proper pumping technique to minimize the formation of precipitates but also the optimal design of water treatment methods to improve the water quality. The bed-rock groundwater in the Pajoo area belongs to the Ca-$HCO_3$type that was evolved through water/rock (gneiss) interaction. Based on SEM-EDS and XRD analyses, the precipitates are identified as an amorphous, Fe-bearing oxides or hydroxides. By the use of multi-step filtration with pore sizes of 6, 4, 1, 0.45 and 0.2 $\mu\textrm{m}$, the precipitates mostly fall in the colloidal size (1 to 0.45 $\mu\textrm{m}$) but are concentrated (about 81%) in the range of 1 to 6 $\mu\textrm{m}$in teams of mass (weight) distribution. Large amounts of dissolved iron were possibly originated from dissolution of clinochlore in cataclasite which contains high amounts of Fe (up to 3 wt.%). The calculation of saturation index (using a computer code PHREEQC), as well as the examination of pH-Eh stability relations, also indicate that the final precipitates are Fe-oxy-hydroxide that is formed by the change of water chemistry (mainly, oxidation) due to the exposure to oxygen during the pumping-out of Fe(II)-bearing, reduced groundwater. After pumping-out, the groundwater shows the progressive decreases of pH, DO and alkalinity with elapsed time. However, turbidity increases and then decreases with time. The decrease of dissolved Fe concentration as a function of elapsed time after pumping-out is expressed as a regression equation Fe(II)=10.l exp(-0.0009t). The oxidation reaction due to the influx of free oxygen during the pumping and storage of groundwater results in the formation of brown precipitates, which is dependent on time, $Po_2$and pH. In order to obtain drinkable water quality, therefore, the precipitates should be removed by filtering after the stepwise storage and aeration in tanks with sufficient volume for sufficient time. Particle size distribution data also suggest that step-wise filtration would be cost-effective. To minimize the scaling within wells, the continued (if possible) pumping within the optimum pumping rate is recommended because this technique will be most effective for minimizing the mixing between deep Fe(II)-rich water and shallow $O_2$-rich water. The simultaneous pumping of shallow $O_2$-rich water in different wells is also recommended.