• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2017

This study was conducted to find out the effects of over seeding using new grass varieties orchardgrass 'Kordione' and 'Onnuri', and tall fescue 'Greenmaster' on botanical composition and dry matter productivity from 2013 to 2016 in low productivity hilly pasture, middle area of Korea. There were used 3 grass seed mixture types made of different compositions and amounts {T1: control - no over seeding, T2: tall fescue (TF) 'Greenmaster' $18kg\;ha^{-1}$, orchardgrass (OG) 'Kordione' $9kg\;ha^{-1}$, Perennial ryegrass (PRG) 'Linn' $5kg\;ha^{-1}$, and Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) 'Kenblue' $2kg\;ha^{-1}$, T3: TF 'Greenmaster' $9kg\;ha^{-1}$, OG 'Kordione' $18kg\;ha^{-1}$, PRG 'Linn' $5kg\;ha^{-1}$, and KBG ' Kenblue' $2kg\;ha^{-1}$, T4: TF 'Greenmaster' $9kg\;ha^{-1}$, OG 'Onnuri' $18kg\;ha^{-1}$, PRG 'Linn' $5kg\;ha^{-1}$, and KBG 'Kenblue' $2kg\;ha^{-1}$}. In the botanical composition of grassland, T1 nearly remained constant in other seasons while ratio of weeds were increased in summer season. T2 was better than control (T1) in portion of grass ratio, which has increased by 80%. In the early time of establishment, the portions of OG were increased in T2, but TF rate was increased after 3 years later when grass was established. T3 and T4 showed a very similar patterns, grass ratio had increased by 80% and the portion of KBG had increased as time passed. T2 ($129,763kg\;ha^{-1}$) was showed the highest dry matter yield than other treatments (T1: $6,756kg\;ha^{-1}$, T3: 9641, and T4: 10,738) in 2016.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.160-165
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: This study carried out to fate of pesticide and investigate worker exposure of pesticide in air after applying granular type pesticide formulation on soil in greenhouse for preventing farmer's pesticide intoxication. METHODS AND RESULTS: The recovery of pesticide, cadusafos, ethoprophos and probenazole on absorbent in air were ranged 80.9~121.1% in charcoal and 90.6~99.0% in XAD-4, respectively. Emission rate of in lysimeter was higher 3~5 times than that of pesticides from topsoil not added water at $35^{\circ}C$ plot after applying a mixture of granular formulation and soil. The ethoprophos concentration in air, 50 cm high from soil surface at greenhouse, was reached the highest 186.4 ${\mu}g/m^3$ within 13 hours and were ranged 17.8~186.4 ${\mu}g/m^3$ during 46 hours after applying granular formulation at dose rate 150 g a.i./245 $m^2$. The cadusafos concentration in air at greenhouse was reached the highest 37.3 ${\mu}g/m^3$ within 39 hours and were ranged 10.0~37.3 ${\mu}g/m^3$ during 46 hours after applying granular formulation at dose rate 180 g a.i./245 $m^2$. The probenazole concentration in air at greenhouse was reached the highest 1.45 ${\mu}g/m^3$ within 37 hours and were ranged 0.23~1.45 ${\mu}g/m^3$ during 46 hours after applying granular formulation at dose rate 144 g a.i./245 $m^2$. CONCLUSION(s): The result of the reentry interval study demonstrated that reentry intervals for ethoprophos and cadusafos are longer than 48 hours.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.678-684
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• 2001

In Korea, the conger eel, Conger myriaster and sea eel, Muraenesox cinereus have been eaten as a sliced raw ash meat for a long time. This study was carried out to compare the food component and sensory differences of the conger eel and sea eel as a sliced raw fish meat. The yield and ash content of conger eel were slightly higher than those of sea eel, and no significant differences in moisture, crude protein and crude lipid. The major fatty acids of conger eel were 16:0 ($19.9\%$), 18 : 1n-9 ($36.1\%$) and 22: 6n-3 ($8.3\%$), while those of sea eel were 16:0 ($24.0\%$), 16: 1n-7 ($12.1\%$) and 18:1n-9 ($21.9\%$), The contents of (n-3)-fatty acids were low in all of the two samples. The contents of total amino acid in the conger eel and sea eel were 19,147.2 mg/100 g and 18,527.1 mg/100 g, respectively. The major amino acids of two samples were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine. The chemical score in protein of conger eel was higher about $6\%$ than that of sea eel, and the Ca and P contents of conger eel were also higher than those of sea eel. Although the nutritional value of conger eel as a sliced raw fish meat was generally higher than that of sea eel, the sensory scores in taste and texture of conger eel were lower than those of sea eel.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.17-22
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• 2002

지구상에는 수천종의 버섯류가 자생하고 있어 유전자원으로서의 중요성이 지대할 뿐만 아니라 기능성 식품소재 및 각종 약리 활성을 나타내는 신약개발 소재로도 크게 주목을 받고 있다. 이들 버섯은 균사체의 영양대사로 얻어지는 대사산물이 축적된 자실체의 형태로 나타나는데, 최근에 와서 자실체 및 균사체의 추출물이나 균사체 배양물이 체질개선이나 각종 병의 예방과 치료에 효과가 있는 것으로 밝혀져 건강식품이나 의약품으로서의 용도가 크게 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 특히, 담자균이 생산하는 특정 구조를 갖는 다당류는 오래전부터 종래의 화학요법제와는 달리 숙주내의 면역 기능을 부활하여 소위 면역요법제로서의 항암효과를 나타냄이 알려져왔었다. 현재까지 제약 및 의학적인 방법이 질병의 주된 치료방법으로 이용되어 왔지만 최근에 특정식품의 섭취가 만성질환의 발생을 억제 또는 지연시킨다는 연구 보고가 나오면서부터 만성질환의 치료방법으로서 식이요법을 중요하게 생각하게 되었다. 따라서 새로운 식품소재 및 가공식품의 개발을 통한 성인병 등의 각종 질병예방이 국민보건문제 해결에 필수적이다. 현재 일본 등에서는 표고버섯, 구름버섯 및 치마버섯 유래의 다당체 또는 단백다당체인 lentinan, krestin 또는 PS-K, schizophyllan 및 PSP 등이 실용화되어 높은 가격에 판매되고 있다. 국내에서도 야생 구름버섯 자실체로부터 추출한 단백 다당체인 Copolang(광동제약)이 개발되어 PS-K와 유사하게 암의 치료에 병행 사용되고 있고, 또 강력한 항암활성이 보고된 상황버섯의 균사체 추출물인 단백 다당체가 Mesima-Ex FK(한국신약)라는 상품명으로 암의 치료에 병행 사용되고 있는 것으로 알려지고 있다. 담자균류와 아울러 미생물 유래 다당체는 그 구조와 특성에 있어서 매우 다양함을 지니고 있다. 이러한 미생물 유래 다당류의 공업적 생산과 이용에 대한 연구로서는 Leuconostoc mesenteroides가 생산하는 dextran이 혈장증량제로 개발된 이래 Xanthomonas campestris가 생산하는 pullulan, Zoogloea rgmigera가 생산하는zooglan둥이 대표적인 예로 보고되고 있다. 한편, 미생물 유래 다당류는 구성당, 분자량, 화학적 구조 등과 같은 특성의 차이에 의해 많은 종류가 존재하고 있으며, 다양한 물성 및 유화제, 응고제, gel 형성제, 필름 형성제, 흡착제, 안정제, 접착제 등과 같은 용도로 광범위하게 이용되고 있다. 또한 근래에 들어서는 미생물 유래 다당체가 지니는 항암활성이 확인되어 새로운 의약품으로서의 개발 가능성이 기대된다. 그 밖에도 기존에 알려져 있는 식물 및 해조류 유래의 다당체와는 달리, 발효조를 이용한 연속배양에 의해 공업적 대량 생산이 가능하며, 더욱이 생산된 다당체의 분리 및 회수가 용이하다는 이점을 지니고 있다. 최근에 들어서는 유전공학적 기법을이용한 고생산성 변이균주 및 새로운 기능을 지닌 다당체의 개발에 관한 연구가 보고되고 있는 등 고부가가치를 지닌 새로운 바이오 소재로서의 기능 및 용도 개발에 관한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이러한 항암 활성을 나타내는 여러 가지 담자균류중 Agaricus blazei로부터 생산되는 다당체는 고형암 이외에 S형 결장암, 난소암, 유방암, 폐암, 간암 등에 효과가 입증되었고, 천연물질에 의한 암 면역요법으로 각광을 받고 있으며, 항암 및 항virus의 완치율과 저지율에서 현재 여러가지 약효가 있는 버섯중에서도 탁원한 효과가 있는 것으로 증명되고 있다. 이들 다당체는 사이토카인을 생산시켜서 T임파구와 B임파구의 항원 특이적인 면역반응을 활성화시키고, 세포장해성 T세포와 활성화 대식세포의 세포장해 기능을 충진시켜서 암세포를 파괴시킨다. 또한 콜로니 자극인자인 사이토카인을 생산시켜서 면역담당세포의 신생을 촉진시키기도 하며, 암의 화학요법과 방사선 요법으로 저하된 백혈구를 회복시키는 역할을 한다. 따라서 최근의 연구동향은 생산된 다당체의 항암활성을 향상시키고자 하여 배양기간중에 interleukin을 의도적으로 첨가하는 경향이 있다. 이러한 항암 활성을 나타내는 담자균체 유래 다당체는 버섯의 기원에 따라 그 형태에 약간의 차이를 나타내기는 하나 그 기본 형태는 ${\beta}-(1,6)-glucosyl$ 분지를 가진 ${\beta}-(1,3)-glucan$이며, 평균 분자량은 50 ${\sim}$ 200만 정도이다. Agaricus blazei의 원산지인 브라질의 피에다데(Piedade) 지방의 환경조건(산지의 습도는 80%, 낮 기온 $35^{\circ)C$, 밤 기온 $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$로 대단히 높으며, 정기적으로 열대지방 특유의 소나기가 내리는 지역)에서 볼 수 있듯이 Agaricus blazei의 성장 환경은 매우 까다로운 편이며, 날것으로는 보관이 잘 안되기 때문에 그 재배에 큰 어려움이 있다. 또한, 고체배양에 의해 생산된 버섯 자실체로부터 유기용매 및 열수추출 방법으로 다당체를 생산하는 방법은 균일한 형태의 버섯 자실체를 공급받기가 어렵기 때문에 다당체의 생산 수율이 낮고, 많은 노동력이 요구되는 어려움이 있다. 그러나 액체배양에 의한 다당체 생산의 경우는 고체배양에 의한 다당체 생산에 비해 일정한 조건하에서 배양이 가능하다는 장점이 있으며, 항상 균일한 균사체 및 배양액을 얻을 수 있다. 따라서 원하는 유용물질을 쉽게 획득할 수 있는 장점이 있다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

Field studies were conducted from the years 2009 to 2012 in order to determine the cultivation limit as well as to evaluate the characteristics and forage production of warm season grass in Korea. Two bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] cultivars, two bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) cultivars and a Kleingrass [Panicum coloratum L.] cultivar were compared for forage production and quality in the mid-southern regions of Korea. The experimental design was a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The number of days to seedling emergence for bremudagrass and bahiagrass was observed as approximately 12 days and 28 days after seeding, respectively. In Kwangju, the heading dates of bahiagrass and kleingrass were 21 August and 10 July, respectively,. Warm season grass did not winter in the mid-regions (Kimjea, Cheonan) of Korea. All of the Bermudagrass cultivars had higher dry matter (DM) than bahiagrass at the first harvest. The dry matter yield of kleingrass was usually greater than the other entries at all study sites. Peak forage DM production of bermudagrass and bahiagrass cultivars occurred in June and July, respectively. The contents of crude protein (CP) and total digestibility nutrient (TDN) for bermudagrass cultivars were usually greater than the other entries at all study sites. Further, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) were similar across all cultivars.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.699-706
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• 2001

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag as soil conditioner in a nursery and two natural forests. The BOF slag was applied at rates of 0, 4, 8, and 12 t/ha for seedbed nursery of three tree species-Pinus densiflora, Larix leptolepis and Amorpha fruticosa; and 0, 10, 20, and 40 t/ha for Pinus densiflora natural forests located at two sites. In case of the nursery study, the significant increase in soil pH and contents of Ca, Mg, $SiO_2$, Fe and Mn was noticed after six months of the BOF slag application. Dry weight of Pinus densiflora seedlings with BOF slag treatments was lower compared with that of control. There were no significant differences among treatments in dry weight of Larix leptolepis seedlings. Dry weight of Amorpha fruticosa seedlings, which are deciduous species and grow rapidly at seedling stage, increased significantly and T/R ratio decreased as BOF slag rate increased. The differences of effects of BOF slag application on the seedlings of tree species may be attributed to the differences of optimum pH range of the species. In Pinus densiflora natural forests, there were no significant differences in soil pH and contents of $SiO_2$, Fe and Mn among the treatments, but these values became higher as BOF slag rate increased. Contents of Ca in soil became significantly higher as BOF slag rate increased. There were no significant differences among treatments in net production of mature Pinus densiflora trees, but BOF slag rate of 10ton/ha showed the highest net production. Young Pinus densiflora trees at the plots of BOF slag rate of 10 t/ha showed significantly higher root collar diameter growth rate and twig net production than those of other treatments. It may be given as a conclusion that BOF slag application in nursery and forest soil increased soil pH and contents of Ca, $SiO_2$, Fe and Mn in soil and they showed the ability of BOF slag to be used as a soil conditioner in strongly acid soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 1989

A study was conducted to obtain acid tolerant and superior Rhizobium meliloti strain for alfalfa on hilly acid soils. With host plant, eight isolates of R, meliloti selected in the vicinity of Milyang were evaluated for their ability to establish symbiotic effectiveness in acidified tube culture medium and vermiculite pot with different urea levels. Among isolates "YA03" was characterized for the ability to manifest to acid tolerance in three different soils of which pH were 5.0, 6.0, and 7.5. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Of eight isolates "YA03" and "YA09" performed nodule in the tube medium of pH5.0, and in the symbiotic effectiveness YA03 was superior to others. 2. Alfalfa growth and $N_2-fixing$ activity by the inoculation of "YA03" isolate were better than others at the level of urea 1.25mM as well as nonurea. 3. Application of urea with inoculation of "YA03" islate to alfalfa was one of the effective factors for symbiotic effectiveness. 4. In infertile soil of pH5.0 inoculation of R. meliloti "YA03" to alfalfa caused the increase of shoot dry matter of 320% as compared to the control, and the total amount of yield was 131% as much yield in moderate fertile soil of pH7.5. Finally R. meliloti "YA03" isolate was selected as an acid tolerant strain.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.120-141
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• 2015

This paper is a preliminary study of architectural characteristics of Jangdae (general's podium), which shows one of the technical changes in fortification of Joseon Dynasty. As a facility for commands of generals and training for officers and men, it was located inside a fortress. Although it is not certain when the first Jangdae was built, the number of them dramatically increased around 18th century. Since the top priority function of the Jangdae was the prospect, it was installed at the hilly spot with open architecture. In addition, the open structure of Eupseong fortress towers on the riverside banks could simultaneously offer the functions as viewing around and Jangdae. Since Jangdae was also a place for military drills and reviews of soldiers, a wide podium was positioned at the front to muster the soldiers. This feature was standardized in the space organization of Jangdae in Joseon, and a mere podium was installed unless the topographic restrictions allows enough space. On the other hand, as a place for a commander, the hierarchy of the Jangdae was revealed through a variety of architectural characteristics. The hierarchy was assigned to the commander's space through the altitude difference, and diverse ornaments were added to show a sense of class. The floor plan of the Jangdae building can be largely categorized into rectangle and square, and the typical sizes of the former are $5{\times}4$ Kans (traditional measuring unit between two columns) and $3{\times}2$ Kans. Out of these two types, buildings of $5{\times}4$ Kans were found in flat land and eupseong fortresses with large space, and the relatively smaller ones of $3{\times}2$ Kans in mountain fortresses. All buildings of square floor plan had $3{\times}3$ Kans style, and the center Kan was twice wider than the side Kan to make the central space wide. It seems that the purpose was to secure the interior space of the upper story because the center Kan accounts for the floor area of the upper story. Some Jangdae's had internal story to form overhead space. The multi-roofed tower style with eaves attached to the upper and lower story is found exclusively in Jangdae. The buildings shows the Onkanmulim style which extends Naejinju (inner column) of the lower story to be the Byeonju (outer column) of the upper story, and the log-framed floor in the upper floor was structured by inserting the Changbang (connecting beam) between the Naejinju's and joining the log frames. In addition, the towers in eupseong fortresses had log-framed floor in the upper floor by setting up the high Nuhaju (column underneath a roof) and joining Cheongbang to the upper part of the column while it cannot be regarded as multi-roofed because only the upper part has a roof.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.985-994
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• 2018

Bio-heavy oil for power generation is a product made by mixing animal fat, vegetable oil and fatty acid methyl ester or its residues and is being used as steam heavy fuel(B-C) for power generation in Korea. However, if the fuel supply system of the fuel pump, the flow pump, the injector, etc., which is transferred to the boiler of the generator due to the composition of the raw material of the bio-heavy oi, causes abrasive wear, it can cause serious damage. Therefore, this study evaluates the fuel characteristics and lubricity properties of various raw materials of bio-heavy oil for power generation, and suggests fuel composition of biofuel for power generation to reduce frictional wear of generator. The average value of lubricity (HFRR abrasion) for bio-heavy oil feedstocks for power generation is $137{\mu}m$, and it varies from $60{\mu}m$ to $214{\mu}m$ depending on the raw materials. The order of lubricity is Oleo pitch> BD pitch> CNSL> Animal fat> RBDPO> PAO> Dark oil> Food waste oil. The average lubricity for the five bio-heavy oil samples is $151{\mu}m$ and the distribution is $101{\mu}m$ to $185{\mu}m$. The order of lubricity is Fuel 1> Fuel 3> Fuel 4> Fuel 2> Fuel 5. Bio-heavy oil samples (average $151{\mu}m$) show lower lubricity than heavy oil C ($128{\mu}m$). It is believed that bio-heavy oil for power generation is composed of fatty acid material, which is lower in paraffin and aromatics content than heavy oil(B-C) and has a low viscosity and high acid value, resulting in inhibition of the formation of lubricating film by acidic component. Therefore, in order to reduce friction and abrasion, it is expected to increase the lubrication of fuel when it contains more than 60% Oleo pitch and BD pitch as raw materials of bio-heavy oil for power generation.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.78-91
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• 2018

Sangjogam, located in Goseong, Gyeongsangnam-do, was designated as Natural Monument #411, because of its diverse geological heritage, such as fossils, ripple marks, dykes, and columnar joints. In the area, Byeongpungbawi, with its beautiful columnar joints vertical to the bedding plane of the underlying sedimentary rocks and spectacular coastal view, was named after its overall shape reminiscent of a huge folding screen. The purpose of this study was to investigate the formation process of the columnar joints using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) method. AMS measurements showed that the k1 and k3 values representative of directions of the long and short axes of a magnetic particle at each point strongly clustered, and the oblate magnetic foliation structure in Byeongpungbawi developed during sill-type intrusion rather than lava flow. In summary, Byeongpungbawi was produced by sill-type intrusion along the bedding plane of the underlying sedimentary layer, and the subsequent formation of columnar joints was accompanied by the cooling and contraction of intruding rhyolite magma. This study potentially provides a basic research tool in understanding the formation mechanism of columnar joints which are widely distributed in southern Korea.