• KOMUNHWA
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• no.70
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• pp.109-132
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• 2007

Taking the Yosu Peninsula where prestige goods were prevalent and more dolmen were excavated and surveyed than other regions as object of the research, this dissertation investigated the hierarchy of dolmen society. The dolmen groups were excavated and surveyed at some 20 positions in Yosu Peninsula Analyzing the number, weight of upper stone, location, the buried relics of dolmen, the hierarchy for each dolmen group can be summarized as follows. It seems that the large group with a lot of dolmen and big upper stone which is located on the plane with stream or on the lower part of hill might be the central group with abundant buried relics. However, the size of individual upper stone does not coincide with buried relics sometimes. Thus, it is required to review the entirety of dolmen group rather than individual upper stone in the relation between the scale of upper stone and buried relics. Then the scale of tomb is proportionate to the prestige goods. Meanwhile, the discrepancy between dolmens can be verified by the difference among upper stone, tomb, burial accessories, etc in the unit dolmen group. Since dolmen is the tomb of some inhabitants in the Bronze Age, the existence of stone coffin tomb with buried bronze sword, jade or stone sword compared to the stone coffin with no relics means that there was powerful representative of one generation even in one kindred group on the basis of wealth or authority. It can be concluded that the upper stone or large tomb or prestige goods among the persons buried in dolmen were fixed as high class, those with relatively small stone coffin with no or scanty burial accessories were fixed as medium class and multitudinous class who were not buried in dolmen were fixed as low class. Therefore, the dolmen society in Yosu Peninsula shows that there was division of class in the unit dolmen group as well as hierarchy in the group.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 2003

This study has evaluated the raingauge network of Nam-Han River Basin by assuming that the rainfall field is homogeneous in space and its spatial correlation structure is exponential. The results of the study was compared with the standard of WMO. Summarizing the results are as follows: (1) The Nam-Han River Basin is not the mountain area, nor the plain area of the WMO standard. However, the correlation length of the downstream part is longer than that of the upstream part, enough to differentiate the rainfall fields in both areas. (2) It seems that the standard for the evaluation of the raingauge network of Nam-Han River Basin should be decided to represent upper 50% of correlations derived, when the maximum intervals between neighboring gauges are estimated to be 18.2km for the upstream area and 21.1km for the downstream area. Simply evaluating the raingauge density, the Nam-Han River Basin has enough raingauges exceeding the WMO standard for the mountain area in the temperate region. (3) Evaluation of the spatial distribution of raingauges in the Nam-Han River Basin shows that its spatial distribution Is not in a proper level, especially when applying the WMO standard for the mountain area in the temperate region. However, when applying the new standard proposed in this study, only five to six more raingauges are required to be added.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.287-302
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• 2005

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) were generated by ERS-l/2 and JERS-1 SAR interferometry in Daejon area, Korea. The quality of the DEM's was evaluated by the Ground Control Points (GCPs) in city area where GCPs were determined by GPS surveys, while in the mountain area with no GCPs, a 1:25,000 digital map was used. In order to minimize errors due to the inaccurate satellite orbit information and the phase unwrapping procedure, a Differential InSAR (DInSAR) was implemented in addition to the traditional InSAR analysis for DEM generation. In addition, DEMs from GTOPO30, SRTM-3, and 1:25,000 digital map were used for assessment the resolution of the DEM generated from DInSAR. 5-6 meters of elevation errors were found in the flat area regardless of the usage and the resolution of DEM, as a result of InSAR analyzing with a pair of ERS tandem and 6 pairs of JERS-1 interferograms. In the mountain area, however, DInSAR with DEMs from SRTM-3 and the digital map was found to be very effective to reduce errors due to phase unwrapping procedure. Also errors due to low signal-to-noise ratio of radar images and atmospheric effect were attenuated in the DEMs generated from the stacking of 6 pairs of JERS-1. SAR interferometry with multiple pairs of SAR interferogram with low resolution DEM can be effectively used to enhance the resolution of DEM in terms of data processing time and cost.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.9
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• pp.587-602
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• 2023

Due to climate change, population growth, and economic development, the demand for water in the urban water system (UWS) and the energy required for water use constantly increase. Therefore, beyond the traditional method of considering only the water sector, the Nexus approach, which considers synergies and trade-offs between the water and energy sectors, has begun to draw attention. In previous researches, the Nexus methodology was used to demonstrate that the UWS is an energy-intensive system, analyze the water-energy efficiency relationship surrogated by energy intensity, and identify climate (long-term climate change, drought, type), geographic characteristics (topography, flat ratio, location), system characteristics (total supply water amount, population density, pipeline length), and operational management level (water network pressure, leakage rate, water saving) effects on the UWS. Through this, it was possible to suggest the direction of policies and institutions to UWS managers. However, there was a limit to establishing and implementing specific action plans. This study built the energy intensity matrix of the UWS, quantified the impact of city conditions, external influences, and operational management levels on the UWS using the water-energy Nexus model, and introduced water-energy efficiency criteria. With this, UWS managers will be able to derive strategies and action plans for efficient operation management of the UWS and evaluate suitability and validity after implementation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.31-31
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• 2022

기후변화, 물 부족, 인구 증가와 도시화로 인한 물 수요 증가, 수질 악화, 노후화된 인프라와 같은 세계적인 물문제의 증가로 인해, 도시 물순환 시스템 관리는 더 큰 어려움을 겪고 있다. 취수, 도·송수, 정수처리, 배·급수, 용수 사용, 하수 집수, 하수 처리, 재이용 및 배출 과정을 포함하는 도시 물순환 시스템의 과정은 매우 에너지 집약적인 활동이며, 이와 같은 에너지 소비는 탄소 배출과 양의 직접적인 상관관계가 있다. 따라서 자원 관리 및 데이터 관리를 최적화하기 위해 넥서스 관점의 접근법이 도시 물순환 시스템에 점차적으로 도입되고 있는 추세이다. 도시 물순환 시스템 넥서스에서는 일반적으로 에너지 인텐시티로 표현되는 물을 위한 에너지를 이해하는 것이 중요하다. 에너지 인텐시티의 차이는 기후(연평균 강수량, 단기 기후 변동성, 기후패턴 등), 지리적 특징(표고차, 평지비, 위치 등), 시스템 특성(총급수량, 인구, 인구밀도, 관로 연장 등) 및 운영관리 효율(수압, 누수율, 에너지 효율 등)과 밀접한 관계가 있다. 그리고 도시 물순환 시스템에서 에너지 관리를 증진시킨 방안은 유지관리 효율 개선(물·에너지 관리전략, 물손실 관리, 수요 관리 및 수요 대응 등), 신기술 도입, 그리고 에너지 회수로 나누어진다. 본 연구에서는 기존 문헌의 자료를 분석하여 도시 물순환 시스템의 각 공정별 에너지 인텐시티를 분석하였으며, 시스템 다이나믹스를 적용하여 다양한 도시 여건(인구, lpcd, 누수율, 취수원, 에너지 인텐시티)에서 외부영향(기후변화, 도시화)과 운영효율 변동(운영효율 향상, 신시술 도입)에 따른 도시 물순환 시스템 내 자원 사용 및 이동을 분석하였다. 에너지 인텐시티는 전체 도시 물순환 시스템, 상수 시스템, 하수시스템에서 각각 2.334 kWh/m³, 1.029 kWh/m³, 1.024 kWh/m³를 나타내었으며, 용수사용, 담수화, 재이용 과정에서는 매우 높은 값이 나타났다. 에너지 인틴시티의 값은 외부 영향에 크게 좌우되는 것으로 분석되었으며, 운영효율의 변동에 따라서 물 및 에너지 사용량은 변화하였지만 에너지 인텐시티의 변동은 크지 않았다. 이에 따라 도시 물순환 시스템을 넥서스 관점에서 관리하기 위해서는 에너지 인텐시티 이외에 물 및 에너지 사용량, 유수수량 관점 에너지 인텐시티, 사용수량 관점 에너지 인텐시티를 종합적으로 고려하는 것이 필요하다.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.643-655
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate biomechanical differences between young and old adults during downhill walking on a treadmill in order to understand the mechanisms of elderly falls. Eighteen healthy young females(YG: yrs: 21.17±1.5) and eighteen healthy old females(OG: yrs: 66.67±1.33) participated in this study. They were asked to walk at their preferred speed on a treadmill at level, 7.5° and 15° decline. OG walked more wobbly in the medial and lateral directions than YG(p<.05). As slope got steeper, OG had smaller ROM(range of motion) of ankle and knee joints compared with YG. However, there was no difference in ROM of the hip between OG and YG, but maximum extension angle of OG was smaller compared with YG(p<.05). Smaller extensor moment was generated on OG during downhill walking(p<.05). It was hypothesized that more risk factors would be found on older people compared to young people during downhill. However, older people actually walks with a safer strategy compared to young people during downhill. Finally, current findings about biomechanical characteristics of elderly walking would provide useful fundamental information for a follow-up study regarding the prevention of elderly fall during their daily life.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.58
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• pp.25-84
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• 2001

This study investigated about the Panchuk Earth Wall that is the Hardened-Heaped Earth Wall, which was surveyed in the South Korea area. The Panchuk Earth Wall was classified into the 2 types depending on the existence and nonexistence of Seok-yeol(石列), t

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.8 no.4 s.30
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• pp.49-62
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• 2006

The republic of korea has put a great emphasis on the role of the road as widening a social infra-structural facility. Thus, vast amount of money has been invested on the road establishment. As a result, there has been fruitful outcomes in establishing the road system of the nation especially for the flat road with ease. However, in order to have more systematic and sustainable road system, we should turn our attention to more painful and high-cost regions such as mountainous districts and those are to be developed effectively. The configuration of the road is an important factor to be considered in making a decision for the road planning. Nevertheless, current road planning criterion has no such clarified and objective judging standard for figuring the configuration of the road out and, as a result, speed planning can be decided incorrectly. our research has acknowledged the necessity of estimating the configuration of the road and aimed to make it organized and sorted according to the height, slope, and the vehicle's speed. The results are as follows. First, our research made use of GIS data and classified the road into 9 different areas according to the height and the slope. Also, road classification being matched to the data of vehicle's speed, it has been shown that those characteristics of different areas have made an influence on vehicle's speed. Secondly, based on the results of the similarity between geographical classification and, vehicle's speed of sorted groups according to the height and the slope, conclusively we have classified as flat, rolling region and mountain. Since our research has made use of vehicle's speed for National Highway, it is not applicable to different functional highways. However, for the highway to be established hereafter, it can be a standard for reflection geographical characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.540-559
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the locations and to interpret the landscapes of the local towns in Joseon Dynasty from Feng-shui's point of view. As a result of analysing the locations of towns in Gyeongsang Province, the towns which have typical Feng-shui landscapes make up to 58% of the total. Historically, the local towns that were established in the early period of the Joseon Dynasty didn't reveal Feng-shui's landscape, but those that were established in the late period of the Joseon Dynasty revealed the Feng-shui's landscape clearly. In this article, I classify the local towns of the Gyeongsang Province into 3 types: 1. Non Feng-shui type These towns are located near the seashore. The main reason that these towns were located at the seashore was defense against an enemy. 2. Semi Feng-shui type. These towns don't have natural location but have a man-made landscape, based on the principles of Feng-shui. 3. Typical Feng-shui type. These towns were typically administrational towns which were located at the center of a local region.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.27-47
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• 2018

In this study, we examine how land use zoning affects the land price controlling other variables such as road-facing condition of the land, land form, land age after its development and land size. We employ geographically weighted regression analysis which reflects spatial dependency as methodology with a data sample of land transaction price data of Jangyu, a new town, in Korea. The results of our empirical analysis show that the respective coefficients of traditional regression and geographically weighted regression are not significantly different. However, after calculating Moran's Index with residuals of both OLS and GWR models, we find that Moran's Index of GWR decreases around 26% compared to that of OLS model, thus improving the problem of spatial autoregression of residuals considerably. Unlike our expectation, though, in both traditional regression and geographically weighted regression where residential exclusive area is used as a reference variable, the dummy variable of the residential land for both housing and shops shows a negative sign. This may be because the residential land for both housing and shops is usually located in the level area while the residential exclusive area is located at the foot of a mountain or on a gentle hill where the residents can have good quality air and scenery. Although the utility of the residential land for both housing and shops is higher than its counterpart's since it has higher floor area ratio, amenity which can be explained as high quality of air and scenery in this study seems to have higher impact in purchase of land for housing. On the other hand, land for neighbourhood living facility seems to be valued higher than any other land zonings used in this research since it has much higher floor area ratio than the two land zonings above and can have a building with up to 5 stories constructed on it. With regard to road-facing condition, land buyers seem to prefer land which faces a medium-width road as expected. Land facing a wide-width road may have some disadvantage in that it can be exposed to noise and exhaust gas from cars and that entrance may not be easy due to the high speed traffic of the road. In contrast, land facing a narrow road can be free of noise or fume from cars and have privacy protected while it has some inconvenience in that entrance may be blocked by cars parked in both sides of the narrow road. Finally, land age variable shows a negative sign, which means that the price of land declines over time. This may be because decline of the land price of Jangyu was bigger than that of other regions in Gimhae where Jangyu, a new town, also belong, during the global financial crisis of 2008.