• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.77-80
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• 2001

To research the ametropia in the west seoul, 510 eyes were tested by the object and subject methods. The results were as follows. 1. Among the 510 eyes, myopia is 71.9%, hypropia is 22.1%, and emmetropia is 5.8%, respectively. 2. In test over the 20 ages, myopia is 66.9%, hypropia is 7.1%, and emmetropia is 23%, respectively. 3. In test under the 20 ages, myopia is 76.6%, hypropia is 3.8%, and emmetropia is 19.6%, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.59-63
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• 2009

Purpose: To investigate the near horizontal heterophoria of the college students in their twenties on north Kyonggi Province. Methods: The all subjects had not experienced any ocular surgery and have no disease and their mean age is 22.9. As 122 subjects, they are 50 emmetropes and 72 ametropes. The ametropes are all myopia. After distance visual acuity correction with subjective and objective refraction test, evaluated their horizontal heterophoria with red maddox rod. Results: In maddox rod test, the subjects consist of orthophoria 4.9%, esophoria 9.8% and exophoria 85.3%. In the emmetropes orthophoria is 8%, esophoria is also 8% and exophoria is 84%. In the ametropes orthophoria is 2.8%, esophoria is 11.1% and exophoria is 86.1%. The mean size of horizontal heterophoria is esophoria 3.59PD (prism diopter), exophoria 7.04PD and in the emmetropes esophoria is 3.25PD, exophoria is 6.60PD. In the ametropes esophoria is 3.75PD and exophoria is 7.34PD. Conclusions: In the emmetropoes the orthophoria is more than in the ametropes and the esophoria and exophoria is more in the ametropes. But the differences between the heterophoria and emmetropia or ametropia were not significant (p>0.05). The mean size of heterophoria is higher in the ametropes than in the emmetropoes. The distribution range of heterophoria is wider in the male subjects than the female subjects.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.229-235
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• 2005

The results of having studied the relationships between environmental factors and family history which affected distribution of ametropia according to departments are like these. The subjects of study were 920 persons who were the industrial high school students in Daejeon. First, When we searched ametropia degree and congenital factors, expecially in case of emmetropia, it showed that the students' parents who wore glasses amounted to 22.6% in ratio and the students' brothers and sisters wore glasses in 22.8%. But in case of the students of ametropia, their parents' rate of wearing glasses was 27.7%. The result showed that refractive error status of offsprings was related to their parents' eye condition. Second, We studied emmetropia and ametropia who used computer for over 3 hours in order to see relationships between refractive error and acquired factors. The emmetropias were 45.6%, while the ametropias were 70.1%. The result showed that it appeared 24.5% more in ametropia. In the end, refractive error can be greatly influenced by environmental factors. Third, The result of comparing distribution of ametropia with VDT using time according to each department showed the students of constructional information department had much more ametropia rate. They used computers than any other students in taking lessons and spent much more time than other department's students.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2016

Purpose: To analyze the effect of accommodative control and change values between subjective refraction (SR) and auto-refraction (AR) according to application of fogging after accommodative stimulation depending on ametropia type. Methods: Myopic ametropia 76 eyes and hyperopic ametropia 52 eyes participated for this study. SR and AR values measured by three test conditions (Before accommodative stimulation; Before AS, After accommodative stimulation; After AS, and After application of fogging; After AF) were compared, respectively. Results: In myopic eyes, (-)spherical power by SR and AR in After AS test was significantly increased as compared to Before AS test, (-)spherical power in After AF test was decreased to the level of Before AS test. The differences of spherical power between SR and AR were highly measured by SR in After AS test, and highly measured by AR in After AF test, respectively. In hyperopic eyes, (+)spherical power of SR significantly decreased in After AS test compared to Before AS test, more (+)spherical power was detected in After AF test compared to Before AS test. (+)spherical power of AR have no significant difference between Before AS and After AS test, but more (+)spherical power was detected in After AF test compared to Before AS test. The differences of (+)spherical power between SR and AR were significant in all test conditions. Among 52 eyes which were measured as hyperopic ametropia, 7 eyes were measured as myopia by SR in After AS test. In case of AR, 25 eyes among 52 eyes were mismeasured as myopia of ranges from -0.25 D to -1.25 D in Before AS test, 26 eyes in After AS test, and 19 eyes in After AF test were mismeasured as myopia of ranges from -0.25 D to -1.25 D. Conclusions: Regardless of ametropia type, accommodative control by After AF test was effective on both refraction process. However, in auto-refraction for hyperopic eyes, the misdetermined proportion of refractive error's type was high due to consistent accommodative intervention in all test condition. Therefore, in order to obtain an accurate value of refractive errors, full correction should be determined by subjective refraction process after fogging method.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was to investigate the refractive state of an asian population (male: 39, female: 53) from 21 to 30 years old who visited the A optical shop at jongnogu in seoul. Methods: The visual acuity test was performed by the object and subject method. Results: Among the 184 eyes, myopia is 83.16% and emmetropia is 16.84%, respectively. As for the equivalent spheric power of myopic abnormal refractive eyes, the -m0.5Dt < spheric equivalent ${\leq}$ -2.00Dt was 40.53%, the -2.00Dt < spheric equivalent ${\leq}$ -6.00Dt was 51.63% and anything over the -6.00Dt was 7.85%. The percentages of with-the-rule, against-the-rule and oblique astigmatism among people with astigmatism were 46.67%, 35.56% and 7.77%, respectively. The average of pupillary distance in male (64.5${\pm}$2.9 mm) was greater than that in female (61.9${\pm}$2.3 mm). Conclusions: Korean opticians were provided some useful information about making up a prescription by this research.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.239-246
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the effect of induced ametropia on static posture for body balance. Methods: Twenty subjects (10 males, 10 females) of average age $23.4{pm}2.70$ years were participated and ametropia(binocular myopia; BM, simple myopic anisometropia; SMA, binocular hyperopia; BH, and simple hyperopic anisometropia; SHA) were induced with ${pm}0.50D$, ${\pm}1.00D$, ${\pm}1.50D$, ${\pm}2.00D$, ${\pm}3.00D$, ${\pm}4.00D$, ${\pm}5.00D$, respectively. General stability (ST), weight distribution index (WDI), and fall risk index (FI) were measured using TETRAX the biofeedback systems. Each index of the body balance was evaluated for 32 seconds in each ametropic condition and those value was compared with the value in fully corrected condition. Results: The ST showed significant increase from +0.50 D under condition of BM, from +1.00 D under condition of SMA, from -1.00 D under condition of BH, and from -1.50 D under condition of SHA compared with under condition of fully corrected condition, respectively. The FI showed significant increases from +4.00 D under condition of BM, from -1.00 D under condition of BH, and from -1.50 D under condition of SHA. The WDI show no change in all ametropia condition. Conclusions: Whatever ametropia is, uncorrected refractive error could reduce the general stability of body balance and increase the falling risk.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.91-94
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• 2007

This research was investigated to find out the examinees' refractive problems within heterophoria using Torrington method. The number of subjects ware approximately 327 and subjects were sourced from the 12th grade student at high school in Kwang-Ju city. Result obtained shows 21.4% of emmetropia and 78.6% of ametropia. Most of refractive errors were myopia and due to it's condition, frequency of ametropia and emmetropia at the similar rate. However, one that consist of refractive problems, it's myopia contains 74.9% of heterophoria. Due to emmetropia, horizontal heterophoria have 45.7% of exophoria and 4.3% of esophoria. Myopia shows 11.4% of esophoria and 63.5% of exophoria. Hozizonda heterophoria shows 5.7% of emmetropia and myopia of 22.4%, than average of esophoria shows $4.3P{\Delta}$ and case of myopia, it was $3.4P{\Delta}$. Case of Exphoria, emmetropia have $8.8P{\Delta}$ and within myopia $8.0P{\Delta}$. Vertical heterophoria owns $2.2P{\Delta}$ within emmetropia and case of myopia $4.3P{\Delta}$ was shown. Which shows myopia result value higher than emmetropia.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.93-104
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• 2004

In order to have a comfortable vision without any asthenopia in work place, it is very necessary to make a complete binocular correction in addition to the perfect correction of refractive deficits. For this, At first, the exact understanding of the required corrective value of the existing angular ametropia(associated phoria) is needed. The fact likely seems fact that a correction of refractive deficits could not to be reached with single optotype, the corrections of angular ametropia(associated phoria) with single optotype is impossible. The reason is that a most ametropia(associated phoria) is accompanied with the fixation disparity. To make a perfect measurement of ametropia(associated phoria), at least, 3 kinds of optotype is essential. This fact could be explained by stating the fusional stimulus in the binocular refraction tests on each eye. If these types of three tests have not practical practice. The most of many cases may result in undercorrection.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.403-410
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• 2012

Purpose: The purposes of this study are to investigate accommodative response among emmetropes, spectacle wearer and contact lens wearer, and correlation between refractive error and accommodative respons for each group. Methods: The 72 subjects(144 eyes) who do not have any ocular diseases were participate in this study. Subjects were categorized into emmetropes, spectacle wearer and contact lens wearer by refractive error using closed-field auto-refractometer. We measured dominant eye, naked/habitual visual acuity and refractive error of monocular/binocular vision of refractive error for far/near distance with open-field auto-refractometer and calculated accommodative lag. Results: There were no significant difference of accommodative lag between right and left eye dominant and non-dominant eye, monocular and binocular vision, and spectacle lens wearer and contact lens wearer, However the accommodative lag of binocular vision was severe than monocular vision at near. The lag of myopia was larger than emmetropes, and male was larger than female. Significant correlation was found between refractive error and accommodative lag in total subjects and the same result was found in emmetropes and contact lens wearer. However there were no significant correlation in the spectacle wearer. Conclusions: There were significant difference between emmetrops and myopes in terms of accommodative lag, however accommodative lag of spectacle wearer was not different with contact lens wearer in myopes. There were also significant correlation between refractive error and accommodative lag in emmetropes and contact lens wearer, but the accommodative lag of spectacle wearer was not significantly correlated with refractive error.

• The Korean Journal of Vision Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.579-588
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• 2018

Purpose : To analyze the eyeglasses supply system for ametropic soldiers in ROK military. Methods : We investigated and analyzed the supply system of eyeglasses for the ametropic soldiers provided by the Korean military. The refractive powers and corrected visual acuity were measured for 37 ametropic soldiers who wear insert glasses for ballistic protective and gas-masks supplied by the military based on their habitual prescriptions. Full correction of refractive error was prescribed for subjects having less than 1.0 of distance visual acuity, and comparison was held for inspecting the changes in corrected visual acuity. Suggestions were provided for solving the issues regarding current supplying system, and this study investigated the applicabilities for utilizing professional optometric manpower. Results : The new glasses supplied by army for ametropic soldiers were duplicated from the glasses they worn when entering the army. The spherical equivalent refractive powers of the conventional, ballistic protective and gas-mask insert glasses supplied for 37 ametropic soldiers were $-3.47{\pm}1.69D$, $-3.52{\pm}1.66D$ and $-3.55{\pm}1.63D$, respectively, and the spherical equivalent refractive power of full corrected glasses was $-3.79{\pm}1.66D$, which showed a significant difference(p<0.05). The distant corrected visual acuity measured at high and low contrast(logMAR) of conventional, ballistic protective and gas-mask insert glasses were $0.06{\pm}0.80$, $0.21{\pm}0.82$, $0.15{\pm}0.74$, $0.34{\pm}0.89$, $0.10{\pm}0.70$ and $0.22{\pm}0.27$, respectively, while the corrected visual acuity by full corrected glasses were increased to $0.02{\pm}1.05$, $0.10{\pm}0.07$, $0.09{\pm}0.92$, $0.26{\pm}0.10$, $0.04{\pm}1.00$ and $0.19{\pm}1.00$, respectively. There was a significant difference(p<0.05) except for the case of the low contrast corrected visual acuity of the conventional and gas-mask insert glasses. The procedure for ordering, dispensing, and supplying military glasses consists of 5 steps, and it was found that approximately two weeks or more are required to supply from the initial examination. Conclusion : The procedure of supplying the military glasses showed three issues: 1) a lack of refraction for prescription system, 2) relatively long length of time required for supplying the glasses, 3) an inaccurate power of supplied glasses. In order to solve those issues, in the short term, education is necessarily required for soldiers on the measurement of the refractive powers, and in the near future, further standard procedures for prescription of glasses as well as the securement of optometric manpower are expected.