• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

This study investigates the environmental factors of endemic species in Korea in order to understand their ecological characteristics, and to investigate the target species of their natural habitats to find similar sites. The purpose is to restore and follow suitable growth methods for the appropriate highway facility of target species to establish a management system via monitoring. This study endeavors to restore the target species near highway facilities on the basis of monitoring data and restore sites have similar natural characteristics of the target species. After restoring the target species, a restoration strategy and management plan will be established for breeding and continuation. The restoration strategy and management plan of the target species is divided into breeding, restoring, maintaining and monitoring plans. Specially management plans include several divisions such as soil, water, non-point pollution source reduction and naturalized plants. The results of this study can be used as reference materials for the restoration of endemic Korean plants in the future of highway routes, and for systematic management measures in habitats.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.177-188
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• 2012

This study was mainly focused on the development of GIS based decision support system to easily make mitigation scenarios and to conveniently simulate water quality for TMDL. The study area was the 31km section of upper Sapgyo stream in Geum river basin, and QUAL2E model was adopted. GIS DB was built through the collection of the data which includes point/non-point source attributes and various thematic maps. The amounts of discharged loads of BOD, T-N and T-P from unit watershed were estimated respectively. Finally, the system, which can operate water quality simulation through simply modifying their values, was developed. The hypothetical three mitigation scenarios were applied, thereby the most efficient mitigation scenario could be chosen by comparison of the results based on GIS. Therefore, it is expected that the developed system can facilitate the decision makers to select the best alternative through the analysis of the available BMPs. Also, it can be used to develop new scenarios using different methods and algorithms. In the future, more study need to be made to enhance its applicability in the perspective of developing mitigation scenarios through the management of individual pollutant sources and extending study areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.451-459
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• 2014

The development and reduction scheme under implementation plan of TMDLs were performed in the Jinwi watershed including 8 cities (Gunpo, Yongin, Suwon, Anseong, Osan, Uiwang, Pyeongtaek and Hwaseong) since 2012. Progress of the annual development schemes was faster than the reduction schemes in most of the cities during the planning period. Main load reduction methods included establishment and enlargement of sewage treatment plants, resources of livestock excretions, and introduction of best management practices of non-point source pollution. Especially, reduction load using recycling and composting of livestock excretions comprised 34.1% of all reduction load. It is necessary to implement methodical development and reduction scheme for making of successful performance of TMDLs and water quality improvement in the Jinwi watershed.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.917-927
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• 2018

Seven heavy metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) were continuously analyzed for twenty rainfall events in 2017~2018 in an urban basin. The overall and dynamic correlations between runoff characteristics and heavy metal concentrations were examined. The peak metal concentration generally appeared in the initial runoff but found to be delayed when the rainfall intensity was low. The rainfall duration had no relationship with either heavy metal concentrations or their total mass. Dynamics of heavy metal mass (load), with the exception of Cu and Zn, showed strong correlation with the 30 minute rainfall intensity (0.60~0.88) and runoff volume (0.74~0.89). While event mean concentration (EMC) showed positive correlation (0.54~0.73) with antecedent dry days (ADD), no significant relationship was found between runoff volume and pollutant concentration. This implies that the pollutants built up on the surface during dry days are washed off even with low rainfall energy. The dynamics of heavy metal and TSS concentrations showed good correlation (0.68~0.87). This result shows that the metals are transported along with solid particles as adsorbate in surface runoff. Regular street sweeping will reduce significant amount of heavy metal loads in urban surface runoff.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.54-62
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• 2018

Nutrients generated from various land uses lead to eutrophication during the influx of water, and it is necessary to apply the LID techniques to reduce nutrients from nonpoint sources in order to mitigate the occurrence of the algal bloom. This study was carried out to derive the design factors of hybrid artificial wetland (HCW) to increase the removal efficiency of nutrients. HCW system was constructed in the year 2010 for the treatment of rainfall runoffs from parking lots and roads composed of 100% impervious floors in the Cheonan campus of Kongju University. The average nutrients removal efficiency of TN and TP was 74% and 72%, respectively. Both TN and TP removal efficiencies were higher than those of free surface wetlands and subsurface flow wetlands due to activated physical and ecological mechanisms. The critical design parameters for the efficient nutrients removal in the artificial wetlands were the ratio of the surface area to the catchment area (SA/CA), land use, the rainfall runoff, and the rainfall intensity. The optimal carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio was estimated at 5: 1 to 10.3: 1. The results of this study can be applied to the efficient design of hybrid artificial wetlands to treat nutrients in urban runoff with high efficiency.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.40 no.2 s.175
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• pp.183-190
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• 2007

Soil layer in vegetation filter strip is one of the very important factor for reduction of non-point pollutants by physical, chemical and biological reactions of it through infiltration process. This study was carried out to prepare more effective vegetation filter strip through modification of soil layer for river water quality improvement. Therefore, the main aims of this study are to compare and evaluate normal (straighten type) and modified (step type) vegetation filter strip, which make artificially change the soil layer to improve infiltration ability, through bench scale experiments. In the results of this study, vegetation filter strip of step type is much more highly reduction effectiveness of pollutants in surface flow compared with normal vegetation filter strip. In case of below effluent, however, it appeared that the vegetation filter strip modified soil layer showed lower reduction effectiveness of pollutants than the general vegetation filter strip. This result was judged because effluent through the vegetation filter strip of step type passed bigger size of aggregate or sand than the vegetation filter strip of straighten type. If we compare it as a definition of pollutant load to estimate total amount of reduced pollutants by vegetation filter strip, reduced pollutants load by step type showed higher than those by straighten type because below effluent amount relied on total effluent amount was higher at step type (4%) than at straighten type (2%). In conclusion, the vegetation filter strip of step type to improve infiltration effect is much more reduction effectiveness of pollutants than vegetation filter strip of straighten type.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.722-728
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• 2012

Urban sewer systems has a limitation of capacity of rainwater storage and problem of occurrence of untreated sewage, so adopting a storage facility for sewer flooding prevention and urban non-point pollution reduction has a big attention. The Korea Ministry of Environment has recently introduced a new concept of "multi-functional storage facility", which is crucial not only in preventive stormwater management but also in dealing with combined sewer overflow and sanitary sewer discharge, and also has been promoting its adoption. However, reserving a space for a single large-scale storage facility might be difficult especially in urban areas. Thus, decentralized construction of small- and midium-sized storage facilities and its operation have been introduced as an alternative way. In this paper, we propose a model predictive control scheme for an optimized operation of distributed storage facilities and sewer networks. To this aim, we first describe the mathematical model of each component of networks system which enables us to analyze its detailed dynamic behavior. Second, overflow locations and volumes will be predicted based on the developed network model with data on the external inflow occurred at specific locations of the network. MPC scheme based on the introduced particle swarm optimization technique then produces the optimized the gate setting for sewer network flow control, which minimizes sewer flooding and maximizes the potential storage capacity. Finally, the operational efficacy of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated by simulation study with virtual rainstorm event.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.105-112
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• 1990

Ketotifen, a benzocycloheptathiophene, has an orally effective antiallergic as well as antihistaminic properties. In pervious studies, Ketotifen has shown encouraging results in patient with allergic rhinitis, either perennial or seasonal. 39 patients with allergic rhinitis had been treated with Ketotifen 1 mg twice daily for 8 weeks. And we obtained following results. 1) The efficacy rate in sneezing attack was 73.5%, in nasal discharge 71%, in nasal obstruction 58%. 2) Some improvements in at least one of three major symptoms were noted within 1 week in 30.7%, within 2 weeks in 55.8%, within 3 weeks in 66.7%, within 8 weeks in 87.2%. 3) Physical findings such as colour, swelling of turbinate, character of rhinorrhea were not improved significantly. 4) Side effect was observed only in one patient with abdominal pain and diarrhea, which was subsided after interruption of administration. These results suggested that Ketotifen was effective in treatment of allergic rhinitis.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.495-495
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• 2017

도시화는 불투수면의 증가를 야기 시켜 물순환 왜곡, 다양한 오염 물질의 유입으로 인한 비점오염물질 유출, 인공 배출열의 증가로 인한 도시열섬효과 등 다양한 문제를 유발한다. 이러한 수리수문학적 및 환경생태학적 문제를 저감하기 위하여 도시지역과 같은 개발 사업에서는 수환경을 가능한 자연 상태로 복원하는 저영향개발(Low Impact Development, LID)기법이 중요한 대안으로 제시되고 있다. LID기법 중 하나인 옥상녹화는 에너지 이용을 최소한으로 한 자연 녹음의 효과적인 이용을 도모하여 환경공생도시 조성과 식물을 매개로한 자연 순환 과정을 도시구조에 도입하여 순환 시스템 재생이 가능 하도록한다. 노지녹화는 두꺼운 자연 토양을 이용하는 반면 옥상녹화는 적재하중의 제약(옥상의 적재하중 조건은 $150{\sim}180kgf/m^2$이다. 비중이 1.6~1.8인 토양을 20cm 객토한 경우, 약 $320kgf/m^2 $이상의 적재하중이 되기에 식재기반의 경량화는 중요한 사안이다.)으로 인해 용적밀도가 작은 인공경량토양 또는 개량토양을 이용하며, 토양 두께도 얇게 설정된다. 또한 토양의 두께는 식물의 크기와 종류 및 토양의 조성에 따라 다르기에 적재하중 조건을 고려한 적절한 토양과 식재 식물의 크기와 종류 결정은 중요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 옥상녹화식생에 대한 평가와 이에 대한 시험 프로세스가 가능한 실험 장치를 개발하였다. 옥상녹화 효율성 검증실험장비는 1m*1m*0.6m 아크릴 재질의 녹화셀로 경사조절이 가능하도록 설계하여 경사변화에 따른 유출, 침투, 증발산량의 탄성도 모의 평가를 할 수 있다. 또한 4점식 형태의 로드셀을 이용하여 녹화셀에서 발생하는 증발산량을 측정하고 관측된 증발산량은 RS-232c 이상의 통신프로토콜을 사용하여 주기적인 관측치의 송수신이 가능하며 주기적 자료송수신 외에도 옥상 녹화셀의 측면에 하중 표시기를 설치하여 관측이 가능하다. 또한 저면에 바퀴설치를 통하여 이동 실험이 용이하며 현재 부산대학교 양산캠퍼스 한국 GI&LID 실증단지 연구센터 내 옥상녹화 실험장에 옥상녹화 효율성 검증 실험 장비를 설치하여 자연 혹은 인공강우를 통한 유출, 침투, 증발산량의 시험계측을 실시중이다. 이러한 옥상녹화 효율성 검증실험장비는 최대 하중 2,000kg, 측정해상도 0.02kg 이상을 허용하는 로드셀과 녹화셀을 이용하여 하중을 고려한 식생의 종류에 따른 평가가 가능하므로 최적 식재기반 단면구조 개발에 이용될 수 있을 것이다. 또한 토양 함수량 변화 측정으로 옥상녹화에 이용되는 다양한 종류의 식물의 염분에 대한 저항성과 식물의 성장능력을 평가하여 녹화공간에 따른 옥상녹화에 사용할 식생을 결정할 수 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.276-276
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• 2015

농경지에서의 액비 수요는 최근 증가하고 있으나 적정 액비시비량에 대한 기준과 사후 관리에 대한 명확한 기준이 없어 환경문제에 대한 고찰이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 시험포장을 선정하고 논에서의 질소 및 인의 동태를 모니터링하고, 관개수, 배출수 및 침투수 중 영양물질 및 중금속 잔류 특성을 분석하였다. 시험구는 대조구(화학비료 표준시비구, A)와 양돈분뇨액비 표준시비처리구(B)로 구성하였으며, 기상관측 측정을 위하여 자동기상관측기, 유입량은 수도미터계량기로 관측하였으며, 시험포장으로부터 유출량을 측정하기 위하여 압력식수위계를 각 처리구별로 설치하였다. 침투에 의한 영양물질의 유출부하량 평가를 위하여 침투계 1조 및 중금속 포집이 가능한 ceramic porus cup 4조를 각 처리구별로 설치하였다. 2014년 6월 9일 써래질 후, 6월 19일 $15{\times}30cm$, 1주 당 3본씩 "동진벼"를 기계이앙 실시하였고, 대조구 A는 농촌진흥청의 추천시비량, 처리구 B는 지상분무방식(액비시비 후 경운을 하는 방식 및 관개수 공급 후 액비를 시비하는 희석식)을 적용하였다. 기비 시비일은 6월 6일, 분얼비 시비일은 6월 26일, 수비 시비일은 7월 30일이었다. 강우량 대비 유출량 비인 유출률은 0.03에서 0.91까지 나타났으며, 담수의 수질조사는 평시 조사로 주 1회 실시하고 있으며, 분석결과는 SS의 경우 처리구 B가 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 영양물질(T-N, T-P 등)의 경우는 대조구 A에서 꾸준히 높은 농도를 보여주고 있으며 이들 농도는 시비 시기에 따라 첨두값이 다르게 나타났다. 특히 $TH_3-N$의 경우 휘발성이 강하기 때문에 처리구 B에서 매우 낮은 값을 보여주었다. 유출수의 화학성분 분석결과는 완효성인 화학비료의 특징으로 전체적으로 대조구 A에서 수질농도가 높게 나타났으며, BOD의 경우는 처리구 B에서 높게 나타났다. 침투수의 T-N은 대조구 A에서 상대적으로 높은 값을 보여주고 있으며 이는 $TH_3-N$의 휘발에 영향을 받는 것으로 보이며, $NO_3-N$은 처리구 B에서 더 높게 나타나 토양중으로 침출되는 양이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 액비시용에 따른 농경지 위해성 평가와 관리방안 개발을 위한 1차년도의 연구 성과로서 지속적인 모니터링을 통하여, 향후 새만금 유역내 축산밀집지역에서 나타날 수 있는 축산분뇨 관리정책 개발의 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대한다.