• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.271-275
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• 2002

Fatty Acid contents of entomopathogenic nematodes(EPNs) were examined by various types of nematodes and culture methods. Seven different types EPNs cultured by in vivo did not contain same fatty acid contents, but similar compositions. It was also found that Steinernema carpocapsae among EPNs cultured by in vivo and in vitro contained not only different fatty acid contents, but also revealed distinctive motilities in a soil. The addition of olive oil in the in vitro culture medium resulted in similar fatty acid contents of S. carpocapsae to in vivo and greatly improved the pathogenicity of nematodes compared to that of soy oil in the medium.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.910-913
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• 2001

The fatty acid compositions of entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae strain produced in vitro and in vivo were examined. Nematodes cultured both in vitro and in vivo revealed similar fatty acids compositions with respect to 16, 18, 20 carbons. However, the contents of lipids were varied by culture methods. Furthermore, it was distinctive that nematodes cultured in vitro contained fatty acids with 19 carbon. In the case of symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophilus isolated from Steinernema carpocapsae, the major lipid component was palmitic (c16:0) fatty acids.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.1 s.142
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• pp.67-74
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• 2006

Korean entomopathogenic nematodes were introduced into cultural management of turfgrasses to enhance white grub control in golf courses for saving labour and expenses and contribution to giving safe playing and working places for golfers and superintendents by environmentally friendly control strategy. The turfgrass height influenced efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes. Efficacy was higher at short turfgrass both in pot using Galleria mellonella larvae and in golf courses using 2nd instar of Exomala orientalis and Ectinohoplia rufipes as baits. Aeration increased the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes which were lower virulent. Pre-aeration was more effective than post-aeration. Exomala orientalis larval population was reduced 80.4 and 66.0% in the pre-aeration and post-aeration with entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon strain compared to 35.4% in the no aeration treatment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.271-275
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• 2003

The direct count and MPN (Most Probable Number) methods were used to measure the number of nematodes in soils collected from cultivated and non-cultivated fields. As a result, the number of nematodes from cultivated soils was higher than the non-cultivated soils (NC -1, NC -2). On the other hand, upon measuring the value from the organo farming cultivated soils (OC, OR) and conventional cultivated soils (CC, CR), the former showed 16 times higher than the latter. These results indicate that nematode population which can multiply in the organic compounds abundantly exist in the organo farming cultivated soil. Isolated entomopathogenie nematodes are composed of two orders, which were Rhabditida and Diplogasterida. To determine the pathogene-city of them using the 5th larvae and pupae silkworm, and the following mean $LD_{90}$ values were found: 24 to 30 hours in Rhabditida and 36 to 48 hours in Diplogasterida nematode, respectively. This study indicates that nematodes are sensitive to this kind of environmental disturbance. Isolated entomopathogenic nematodes were suggested that aye quite within the realms of possibility for biological control agents.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2015

The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) is a major insect pest of economic crops including turfgrasses on golf courses. The entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 strain (ScG), a Korean isolate, is an effective biological control agent for soil dwelling and greenhouse insect pests in Korea. In addition, ScG is commercially produced in Korea. We conducted laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials to evaluate efficacy of ScG against black cutworms in turfgrasses. A rate of 63 infective juveniles (Ijs) per larva killed >90% of $3^{rd}$ instars feeding in cups of artificial diet within 3 days. In greenhouse trials against cutworms feeding in pots of turfgrass, efficacy of ScG was higher against $4^{th}$ instars than against $2^{nd}$ instars (90.0 vs 81.2% mortality, respectively, at $2,000Ijs\;pot^{-1}$) in perennial ryegrass, and higher against $3^{rd}$ instars in creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris than in zoysiagrass, Zoysia japonica (96.7 vs 52.5% mortality at $100,000Ijs\;m^{-2}$) in pot. The corrected mortality of $4^{th}$ instar was 79.9% at the rate of $100,000Ijs\;m^{-2}$ in the creeping bentgrass in the field. So ScG could be used as biological control agent against black cutworm in turfgrass of golf courses.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.914-917
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• 2001

The rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophillus are major pests of aquatic rice plant throughout the country. In field, we examined efficacy of Steinernema carpocapsae and Xenorhabdus nematophilus against rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus. Steinernema carpocapsae showed 71-74.2% mortality after 15days in the field. Also symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus nematophilus isolated from Steinernema carpocapsae showed 33.3-58.3% mortality after 15days at vat against rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2005

The 21 strains of Korean entomopathogenic nematodes, {Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Hamyang strain(HbH), Heterorhabditis sp. 202, 205, 217, Heterorhabdiris sp. KCTC 0991BP strain, Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon(ScP), S. longicaudum Gonaju, S. longicaudum Nonsan, Steinernema sp. 7,24, 52, 55, 60, 64, 206, 207, 209, 210, 219, and 227 strain} were evaluated for the control of a turfgrass insect pest, Exomala orientalis. Heterorhabditis spp. showed higher pathogenicity than Steinernema spp. against 3rd instar larvae of E. orientalis with $55\%$ mortality by Heterorhabditis sp. 202 strain and $50\%$ by HbH and Heterorhabditis sp.205 strain at the rate of 200 infective juveniles per larva 14 days later after treatment. The number of infective juveniles of Korean entomopathogenic nematodes in 3rd instar larvae of E. orientalis was higher in Heterorhabditis spp. than in Steinernema spp.. In general, numbers of produced infective juveniles of three species were much higher, i.e., Heterorhabditis sp.202 strain produced 273,064 infective juveniles, S. carpocapsae Pocheon strain 273,043, and Heterorhabditis sp. 217 strain 248,887, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2012

The size of infective $Steinernema$ $arenarium$ juveniles is variable and ranges from 724 to 1408 ${\mu}m$. Effects of harvest time and infective juvenile size on pathogenicity, development, and reproduction were examined in the last instar of the great wax moth, $Galleria$ $mellonella$. Harvest time of infective juveniles (IJs) of $S.$ $arenarium$ affected pathogenicity. IJs harvested at the 10th day from trapping were more pathogenic than those harvested the 3rd day from trapping. Mortality of $G$. mellonella also depending on harvest time, $i.e$, 100% died within 48h when IJs were harvested at the 10th day, without relation to size. However, mortality was 40% in the small size group (SSG) compared with 18% in the large size group (LSG) within 48h when IJs were harvested at the 3rd day. Establishment of $S.$ $arenarium$ within the host was different depending on IJ size. The number of established IJs was 1.8 in the SSG, 3.3 in the LSG, and 3.2 in the mixed size group (MSG) when IJs were harvested at the 3rd day, and 5.3 in the SSG, 7.4 in the LSG, and 7.6 in the MSG when IJs were harvested at the 10th day. The length of the female adult was 7,070.5 ${\mu}m$ in the SSG and 7,893.9 ${\mu}m$ in the LSG and that of the male was 1,460.5 ${\mu}m$ in the SSG and 1,688.2 ${\mu}m$ in the LSG when IJs were harvested at the 3rd day. The length of the female adult was 7,573.6 ${\mu}m$ in the SSG and 8,305.4 ${\mu}m$ in the LSG and that of the male adult was 1,733.4 ${\mu}m$ in the SSG and 1,794.4 ${\mu}m$ in the LSG when IJs were harvested at the 10th day. Harvest time and size of IJs did not influence numbers of progeny or size of IJS.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2004

Environmentally sound control of Japanese lawngrass cutworm, Spodoptera depravata with Korean entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan, Steinernema carpocapsae GSNI , S. glaseri Dongrae, S. longicaudum Nonsan, and S. monticolum Jiri) was evaluated in the laboratory and field. In addition, effect of turf height on the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes and density of ant (Formica japonica) and spine-tailed earwigs (Forficula scudderi) were investigated in the field. The corrected mortality of 3rd instar of S. depravata larvae was 53.3% to 66.7% 5 days later after treatment of entomopathogenic nematodes. $LC_{50}$ value of S. carpocapsae GSN1 and S. monticolum Jiri against 3rd instar of S. depravata was 6.9 and 3.9, respectively. Pathogenicity of S. carpocapsae GSN1 was different depending on larval stages, i.e., mortality of 2nd instar was the highest representing 73.3% but decreased from 3rd instar. Turf height affected pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes. Mortality of 4th instar of S. depravata was 40.0% by S. carpocapsae GSN1 and 33.3% by S. monticolum Jiri, and 83.3% by fenitrothion, respectively, in the turf height of 14mm, but those were lower in 45mm. The corrected mortality of S. depravata larvae was lower at the entomopathgenic nematode plots than fenitrothion plot in the distribution field of Formica japonica. However, reduction rate of F japonica was higher in fenitrothion by 56.7% compared with 0% in S. carpocapsae GSN1 and 6.7% in S. monticolum Jiri. Turf height influenced control of S. depravate in S. carpocapsae GSN1 and fenitrothion. Control value of S. carpocapsae GSN1 was 62.2% in the turf height of 3-4cm, but not effective at all in 6-8cm and 12-14cm. However, there was not significantly different in fenitrothion plots. Forficula Scudderi was also reduced only in fenitrothion plots. Reduction rate was 100% in 3-4cm, 41.7% in 6-8cm, and 16.7% in 12-14cm, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.54-64
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• 2010

Effects of thirteen essential oils (anise oil, clove oil, marigold, mustard oil, neem oil, quassia, quilaja, rosemary oil, rotenone, tea tree extract, thyme oil, wintergreen oil, and yucca) and caffeine on typical industrial insect, silkworm (Bombyx mori) and two entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN-1 strain (Sc) and Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain (Hg) were investigated in the laboratory. When 1,000 ppm of each essential oils was treated, neem oil showed the highest insecticidal activity against silkworm. Mortality of silkworm fed on neem oil treated mulberry leaf was 55.3 and 100% 5 and 10 days after treatment, respectively. The silkworm fed on neem oil treated mulberry leaf did not make cocoon and pupa. Weight of cocoon and pupa was low in rotenone treatment showing 0.27 g and 1.01 g, respectively. Mustard oil had the highest nematicidal activity against entomopathogenic nematodes. 20 ppm of mustard oil resulted in 69.0% and 100% mortality of Sc and Hg 3 days after treatment, but 4% and 36% at 5 ppm in X-plate, respectively. Mortality of baited Galleria mellonella larva by Sc was not different from control at the concentration of 100 ppm of mustard oil while 30% lower in Hg in sand barrier. Mean numbers of established infective juveniles of Hg in Galleria larva were lower than Sc in sand barrier. Survival rate of Sc was similar to control at the concentration of <200 ppm of mustard oil in sand barrier.