• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.164-169
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• 2024

We applied recursive numerical computation to create a basic design of a camera optical module for mobile phones. To enhance the resolution performance for a 38-degree field of view, we constructed the optical system with six non-spherical lenses. However, to increase its applicability to a compact mobile phone, we limited the overall length to 5 mm in the design. Using the data obtained from the basic design, we proceeded with optimization design using the Zemax design tool. The optimized optical system achieved a resolution performance with a modulation transfer function value of more than 19% for a 280 lines/mm pattern and image distortion within 1.0% for all wavelength rays. In this paper, we verify the feasibility of using recursive numerical computation for the basic design of a compact mobile phone camera.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.13 no.3 s.55
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• pp.93-100
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• 2009

This study forms part of a research project that was carried out on the development and application of high-strength concrete for large underground spaces. In order to develop 50MPa high-strength concrete, eight optimal mixtures with different portions of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag were selected. For assessments of shrinkage characteristics, free shrinkage tests with prismatic specimens and shrinkage crack tests were performed. The compressive strength was more than 30MPa at 7days, and stable design strength was acquired at 28days. High-strength concrete containing blast furnace slag shows large autogenous shrinkage, while large shrinkage deformations and cracks will occur when mixtures are replaced with large volumes of cementitious materials. Hence, for these high-strength concrete mixtures, the curing conditions of initial ages that affect the reaction of hydration and drying effects need to be checked.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.304-314
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of organic materials (compost, straw, green manure, pig manure, seed production oil cake, and industrial by products including municipal sewage sludge, industrial sewage sludge, leather processing sludge, and alcohol fermentation processing sludge) on physical properties of soils in seven paddy and four upland fields with differential soil textures, sandy loam, loam, or clay loam, etc. The investigated physical parameters were bulk density (BD), air permeability (AP), macroporosity, hardness, shear resistance, frictional resistance, water stability aggregate (WSA), and Middleton's dispersion ratio. Except for coarse sandy loam field with weak structure, a decrease in BD and shear resistance, and an increase in macroporosity and AP in plots with applying organic materials compared to plots without applying organic materials appeared. In upland fields, the positive effect of organic materials on WSA, BD, and air permeability was higher than in paddy fields. The combined plot of NPK and compost had lower BD, hardness, and shear resistance, and higher macroporosity and WSA than plot with compost. Green manure had higher positive effect on physical properties of soils compared to other organic materials and the extent of positive effect had no significant correlation with soil organic matter content. Of industrial byproducts applied in coarse sandy loam soil under upland condition, municipal sewage sludge and pig manure compost had higher effect on increase of WSA than leather processing sludge and alcohol fermentation processing sludge. Unlike WSA, there were no significant differences between industrial byproduct types in other physical properties. in silty clay loam soil under the upland condition, straw had more positive effect on soil physical parameters than hairy vetch and pig manure. Therefore, different organic materials had differently active effect on physical parameters depending on types of soil and land use. Especially, it could be thought that well-decomposed organic materials have the advantage of an increase in organic matter content, while coarse organic materials of an increase in WSA.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2010

Optimum nitrogen fertigation level by soil testing was determined on the growth and yield of eleven-year-old 'Campbell Early' (Vitis labrusca L.) grapevine in a sandy loam soil from 2005 to 2007. Fifty percent of the annual application of the nitrogen rate (195 kg/ha/yr) was top-dressed as basal fertilizer in all treatments, and the remainders were drip-irrigated with fertigation rate at 25 (12.5% of total N, N 1/4 level of the remainder), 50 (25% of total N, N 1/2 level), and 100 mg/L (50% of total N, N 1 level) in intervals of twice (2.1 mm/times) a week for 12 weeks, and the effect of N drip fertigation was compared to control which the N remainder was applied with surface application as an additional fertilizer. The results showed that chlorophyll content reading in SPAD value and N contents of leaves increased as nitrogen fertigation level increased. Also observed was the growth of the internode and stem diameter of shoots which were longest at N 1/2 level among the treatments conducted both in 2005 and 2006. It was also noted that yield of the fruit was different every year, where average yield for three years was recorded highest in N 1/4 level, and lowest in N 1 level compared to control(surface application). Soluble solid content and titratable acidity of fruit juice were also not significant during the treatments, the maturation of fruits tended to be retarded in N 1 level. The study proved that N 1/4 (N 25 mg/L) levels of fertigation based on soil testing was most efficient in obtaining optimum yield and also, fertigation of grapevine at open field condition reduces the use of nitrogen fertilizer.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.281-291
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• 2006

The aim of this study was performed the clinical test using Netspeg lens for good visual acuity on subjects with abnormal refraction status. The subjects of one hundreds adults (fifty males, fifty females, mean=21 years, range=19 to 24) were recorded. The subjects were researched the history including the systemic health, medication, genetics, allergy, systemic disease and ocular disease. The refraction test was recorded the monocular and binocular using objective method. Visual acuity was performed the binocular status using the Netspeg lens and CR-39. Stereopsis test was performed the titmus fly and TNO at near distance using Netspeg lens and CR-39. The P-VEP test was used the 16 pattern size(Bausch Lomb, production in USA) with three channels. Also Subjects viewed the p-vep stimulus with binocular vision through the corrected visual acuity using the Netspeg lens and CR-39. The contrast sensitivity test was performed the contrast sensitivity chart(pelli-Robertson, USA) at 1m distance using the Netspeg lens and CR-39. The ultrastructure of surface on the Netspeg lens and CR-39 was observed the SEM(JMS-5800, made in Japan). The results of this study was as follows: 1. In corrected visual acuity of abnormal refraction using the Netspeg lens and CR-39, the Netspeg lens wearer were acquired the good visual field and clear visual acuity comparative to CR-39 wearer in the subject vision test. however the comfort of visual acuity was similar results in the Netspeg lens and CR-39. Also the subjects of Netspeg lens wearer was good visual acuity more than CR-39 wearer and in the analysis of P-VEP, the amplitude of wave on Netspeg lens used appears to be better through the CR-39(p>0.5). Besides, on the contrast sensitivity, the Netspeg lens wearer was good results than CR-39. The value on stereopsis with TNO by Netspeg lens wearer was better than CR-39 in results. However, in the stereopsis test with Titmus, the Netspeg lens and CR-39 wearer was similar results. 2. The ultrastructure of Netspeg lens surface was the smooth and fine shape more than CR-39. Also, Netspeg lens have a fine line structure in ultrastructure. In conclusion, the results of this study conformed that the surface ultrastructure of Netspeg lens used is more specific pin hole design structure than CR-39. This study indicated that the vision of Netspeg lens used have a better than CR-39 in the corrected visual acuity for abnormal refraction eye. Therefore, In this paper, we suggested that the ultrastructure and line structure of Netspeg lens was related to good visual function. However the visual function of the aspheric Netspeg and ultra waterproof Netspeg lens was similar results.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.285-290
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• 2020

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a member of the genus Aphthovirus in the Picornaviridae family, affects wild and domesticated ruminants and pigs. FMDV causes various clinical symptoms, including severe inflammation in infected tissue. Genome RNA of FMDV shows a positive single-strand chain approximately 8.3 kb long and encodes a single long open reading frame (ORF). The ORF is translated into structural and non-structural proteins by viral proteases. The FMDV 2C protein is one of the non-structural proteins encoded by FMDV and plays a critical role in FMD pathogenesis, including inflammation, apoptosis, and viral replication. In this study, we examined whether FMDV 2C induces intracellular expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). FMDV 2C expression in pig IBRS-2 cells increased mRNA and protein expression of TNFα at the transcriptional level via activation of TNFα promoter. Treatment with 4-phenylbutyric acid, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress reducer, decreased TNFα expression induced by FMDV 2C. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a transcription factor mediating ER stress response, induced transactivation of TNFα promoter and expression of mRNA and protein of TNFα. However, the dominant negative mutant of ATF4 did not induce FMDV 2C-mediated TNFα expression. The results indicate that FMDV 2C protein increases clinical inflammation via ATF4-mediated TNFα expression and is associated with ER stress induction.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.13-21
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• 2017

This study was carried out to evaluate the application effects of fish meal liquid fertilizer on soil characteristics and growth of cucumber for organic cultivation. Cucumber in greenhouse was transplanted on March $31^{th}$ in 2016, and the experimental treatments involve six treatments: No fertilizer, 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L N application by fish meal liquid fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. In the results of soil chemical property, application of 100 mg/L of fish meal liquid fertilizer showed a significant differences in pH, K, and Mg contents. The soil microbial community varied in relation to the fish meal liquid fertilizer treatments. Microbial biomass was lower in the chemical fertilizer than in the liquid fertilizer treatment. Result of principal component analysis obtained from Ecoplate showed that fish meal liquid fertilizer treatments, no liquid fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, and no fertilizer were divided into distinct groups, with the no fertilizer treatment located furthest from the other treatments. There were no significant differences in plant height of cucumber between the fish meal liquid fertilizer treatments and chemical fertilizer treatments. Also, the cucumber yield did not vary significantly between the concentrations of liquid fertilizers, and there were also no significant differences in the yield among the fish meal liquid and chemical fertilizer treatments. In conclusion, it is suggested that the application of fish meal liquid fertilizer can be used as a additional fertilizer for cucumber production with organic culture in greenhouse.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.454-459
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• 2009

The secondary growth of garlic depreciates the quality of a bulb and, in the worse cases, makes it difficult to be used as a seed bulb due to many insertions of small cloves in the seed bulb. Therefore, the effect of soil temperature, seedtime, and fertilization rate on the secondary growth of the big bulbils of Namdo garlic has been examined. When we analyzed into the growth characteristics of big bulbils of Namdo garlic under different fertilizer application levels (50% increased fertilization, experimental fertilization and 50% decreased fertilization), the plant height, numbers of leaf, sheathe diameter, leaf length, and leaf width were the best in 50% increase of the test rate of fertilizer. The occurrence rates of secondary growth were 34.2% in 50% decrease of the test rate of fertilizer, 44.3% in the test rate, and 54.1% in 50% increase of the test rate of fertilizer. In other words, the occurrence rate of secondary growth increased by increasing the fertilization rate. While the average harvested bulb weight were 34.1g in 50% decrease of the test rate of fertilizer, 35.1g in the test rate of fertilizer, and 33.9g in 50% increase of the test rate of fertilizer, there were no changes in the number of cloves under different fertilization rates. As the correlation diagram between the soil temperature and occurrence of the secondary growth showed very high relation with 0.892~0.997, the secondary growth in cultivation of Namdo garlic big bulbils had considerably close correlation with the soil temperature. As the earlier the seedtime was, the growth of the above-groundparts including the plant height, numbers of leaf, and sheath diameter were the better. The averages of bulb weight were 36g in the mid September sowed seed bulb, 29.6g in the late September sowed seed bulb, and 27.9g in the early October sowed seed bulb. Overall, our results showed that the bulb size is dependent on the seedtime and the seedtime has no particular effects on the secondary growth.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.334-339
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• 1985

A sweet corn hybrid, Honey Bantam, was planted on 24 May, 1984 in a silty clay loam soil to investigate the effects of polyethylene(P.E.) mulch and different levels and placements of Nitrogen(N) on soil properties and sweet corn growth. A split-split plot design with three replications was employed; P.E. mulch and bare soil were main plot, N levele of 8, 12, 16, and 20 kg/10a were subplot, and band and broadcast of fertilizers were sub-subplots. At early growth stage soil temperature under P.E. mulch was higher than that in bare soil by 5-10$^{\circ}C$, but the differences decreased as plant growth advanced. Soil hardness increased with soil depth while P.E. mulch reduced soil hardness probably by holding high soil moisture. Soil pH decreased up to the 6th week after planting and then increased in bare soil, but it contineously decreased up to the 8th weeks under P.E. mulch regardless N levels and placements. Electrical conductivity(EC) of soil increased up to the 6th weeks after planting and then decreased in all treatments except broadcast of fertilizers under P.E. mulch where EC increased contineously. Generally, soil EC under P.E. mulch was higher than that in broadcast. Broadcast of fertilizers did not affect emergence of seedlings in all N levels under P.E. mulch and bare soil, but band of fertilizers at all N levels under P.E. mulch and higher levels of N in bare soil reduced emergence rate significantly. Percent stand was possitively correlated with soil EC and it strongly influenced the number of marketable ears. Plant growth was enhanced and silking date was earlier by 14-19 days under P.E. mulch compared to bare soil probably due to increased soil moisture, reduced soil hardness and higher soil temperature.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.85-102
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• 1979

In spite of the expansion of population as well as the improvement of living standard, the sugar consumption in Korea depends totally upon the imported sugar with no domestic production. In order to solve this current problem, the author carried out series of experiments and investigations in Daegwanryeong area best suitable for sugar beet cultivation to determine the good varieties, cultivation method, distribution of cultivation area. Thus, it is expected that the result of investigation make a small contribution to the enterprise or production.