• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.362-366
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to obtain basic a information on feed value and fermentative quality of whole crop barley with different harvesting time and making method. As a result, in case of feed value, crude protein, NDF and ADF content were decreased with late harvest, but TDN was increased. In the silage, the results were similar and these patterns showed the same before and after the silage making. Thus, there was no significantly difference in bale and chopper. In case of fermentative quality, pH of the silages showed increasing with late harvesting time but the contents of organic acid did lower, and those tendencies were the same in both bale and chopper condition. But the lactic acid content were approximately 23 percent higher in chopped condition. In conclusion, ensiling at yellow ripe stage is better than other stages, chopped ensiling could improve fermentation quality.

• Composites Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.88-93
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• 2018

In this study, damaged composite laminates were repaired by a stepped patch repair method using halloysite nanotube(HNT) and milled carbon(MC) reinforced composite materials with different amount of the particles. And the mechanical and structural effects of the particles on the interface between the damaged and repair surfaces were analyzed. At this time, after exposing them to a harsh environment of high temperature and humidity for a long time, the recovery rate of the material properties relative to the material forming the damaged plate was compared. As a result, at $70^{\circ}C$ high temperature distilled water, the hygroscopicity of the HNT/GFRP composites was significantly different from that of the MC/GFRP composites. Especially, 0.5, 1 wt. % HNT was added, the moisture absorption rate was the lowest and this was the factor that contributed to the mechanical strength increase. On the other hand, MC showed a high hygroscopic resistance only with a small amount, and the strength was different according to the action direction of the load, and the addition amount was also different.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.389-400
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• 2009

Iron and manganese contents are usually over the limit of drinking water standard (0.3 mg/L) in unconsolidated aquifer of river bank filtration site in Nakdong river. Surge block and air surging techniques used in this study are useful tools to remove the slime within gravels and pebbles, to increase permeability of aquifer, to provide oxygen into aquifer, and to discharge iron and manganese oxides from a well. Surging activity brought about $5{\sim}8$ and $5{\sim}9$ times decreases in $Fe_{(total)}$ and $Fe^{2+}$ contents, and also 10 times decrease in $Mn^{2+}$ contents compared to non-surging condition, respectively. Additionally, iron oxide and manganese oxide increased up $1{\sim}1.2$ times after surging. This result shows that air injection into the aquifer can help iron and manganese content decreased and in-situ treatment technology needs to be introduced in river bank filtration project in South Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2018

Purpose In PET/CT exam, washed-out artifact could occur due to severe motion of the patient and high specific activity, it results in lowering not only qualitative reading but also quantitative analysis. Scatter limitation correction by GE is an algorism to correct washed-out artifact and recover the images in PET scan. The purpose of this study is to measure the threshold of specific activity which can recovers to original uptake values on the image shown with washed-out artifact from phantom experiment and to compare the quantitative analysis of the clinical patient's data before and after correction. Materials and Methods PET and CT images were acquired in having no misalignment(D0) and in 1, 2, 3, 4 cm distance of misalignment(D1, D2, D3, D4) respectively, with 20 steps of each specific activity from 20 to 20,000 kBq/ml on $^{68}Ge$ cylinder phantom. Also, we measured the distance of misalignment of foley catheter line between CT and PET images, the specific activity which makes washed-out artifact, $SUV_{mean}$ of muscle in artifact slice and $SUV_{max}$ of lesion in artifact slice and $SUV_{max}$ of the other lesion out of artifact slice before and after correction respectively from 34 patients who underwent $^{18}F-FDG$ Fusion Whole Body PET/CT exam. SPSS 21 was used to analyze the difference in the SUV between before and after scatter limitation correction by paired t-test. Results In phantom experiment, $SUV_{mean}$ of $^{68}Ge$ cylinder decreased as specific activity of $^{18}F$ increased. $SUV_{mean}$ more and more decreased as the distance of misalignment between CT and PET more increased. On the other hand, the effect of correction increased as the distance more increased. From phantom experiments, there was no washed-out artifact below 50 kBq/ml and $SUV_{mean}$ was same from origin. On D0 and D1, $SUV_{mean}$ recovered to origin(0.95) below 120 kBq/ml when applying scatter limitation correction. On D2 and D3, $SUV_{mean}$ recovered to origin below 100 kBq/ml. On D4, $SUV_{mean}$ recovered to origin below 80 kBq/ml. From 34 clinical patient's data, the average distance of misalignment was 2.02 cm and the average specific activity which makes washed-out artifact was 490.15 kBq/ml. The average $SUV_{mean}$ of muscles and the average $SUV_{max}$ of lesions in artifact slice before and after the correction show a significant difference according to a paired t-test respectively(t=-13.805, p=0.000)(t=-2.851, p=0.012), but the average $SUV_{max}$ of lesions out of artifact slice show a no significant difference (t=-1.173, p=0.250). Conclusion Scatter limitation correction algorism by GE PET/CT scanner helps to correct washed-out artifact from motion of a patient or high specific activity and to recover the PET images. When we read the image occurred with washed-out artifact by measuring the distance of misalignment between CT and PET image, specific activity after applying scatter limitation algorism, we can analyze the images more accurately without repeating scan.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.667-676
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine effects of cellulolytic microbes inoculation to sawdust-based spent mushroom substrate(SMS) during deepstacking on fermentation parameters, total microbial counts and cellulolytic enzyme activity and to on SMS nutrients utilization by sheep. For sheep metabolism trials, six sheep(ram, average 54.8kg) were fed a Control diet(70% concentrates, 15% rice straw and 15% SMS with no microbial treatment on a dry basis) and a Treatment diet(the same diet including SMS with a microbial treatment) for 2 trials. Spent mushroom substrates with or without a microbial(4 strains including 1 strain of Enterobacter ludwigii, 1 strain of Bacillus cereus and 2 strains of Bacillus subtillis) treatment (1% of SMS on wet basis) were deepstacked for 7 days. The internal temperatures in 1.2 M/T of SMS deepstacks reached to 50±5℃ within 7 days of storage. Total microbial counts remarkably decreased (P<0.05) with a deepstacking process and were not affected(P>0.05) by the microbial treatment. For fibrolytic enzyme activity, CMCase and xylanase activities were decreased(P<0.05) by a deepstacking process. After deepstacking, the microbial treatment showed about 2.5-times higher(P<0.05) for CMCase activity and about 4-times higher(P<0.05) for xylanase activity than those of the Control. Activities of ligninolytic enzymes such as laccase and MnP were not affected by the microbial treatment. The sheep fed the microbially treated SMS diet had a tendency of greater total tract digestibilities of ash(P=0.051), NFE (P=0.071), hemicellulose(P=0.087) and NDF(P=0.096) than those fed the untreated SMS diet. Nitrogen balance of sheep was not affected(P>0.05) by feeding of microbially treated SMS. Accordingly, these results indicate that cellulolytic microbes inoculation during deepstacking of SMS may improve the bio- utilization of SMS by sheep.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2006

The first Japanese pilot-scale $CO_2$ sequestration project has been undertaken in an onshore saline aquifer, near Nagaoka in Niigata prefecture, and time-lapse well logs were carried out in observation wells to detect the arrival of injected $CO_2$ and to evaluate $CO_2$ saturation in the reservoir. $CO_2$ was injected into a thin permeable zone at the depth of 1110m at a rate of 20-40 tonnes per day. The total amount of injected $CO_2$ was 10400 tonnes, during the injection period from July 2003 to January 2005. The pilot-scale demonstration allowed an improved understanding of the $CO_2$ movement in a porous sandstone reservoir, by conducting time-lapse geophysical well logs at three observation wells. Comparison between neutron well logging before and after the insertion of fibreglass casing in observation well OB-2 showed good agreement within the target formation, and the higher concentration of shale volume in the reservoir results in a bigger difference between the two well logging results. $CO_2$ breakthrough was identified by induction, sonic, and neutron logs. By sonic logging, we confirmed P-wave velocity reduction that agreed fairly well with a laboratory measurement on drilled core samples from the Nagaoka site. We successfully matched the history changes of sonic P-wave velocity and estimated $CO_2$ saturation a(ter breakthrough in two observation wells out of three. The sonic-velocity history matching result suggested that the sweep efficiency was about 40%. Small effects of $CO_2$ saturation on resistivity resulted in small changes in induction logs when the reservoir was partially saturated. We also found that $CO_2$ saturation in the $CO_2$-bearing zone responded to suspension of $CO_2$ injection.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.94-101
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• 2006

Objectives : A variety of symptoms are typically reported during anxiety period, several of which are clearly linked to the autonomic nervous system(ANS), such as palpitations, chest pain and shortness of breath. Using spectral analysis of heart rate, several studies have shown that patients with anxiety disorder are characterized by a reduced heart rate variability(HRV), indicative of abnormalities in ANS fuction. To further evaluate the effect of anxiety and medication on autonomic function, 30 patients and 30 matched control subjects were assessed. Methods : Using spectral analysis of heart rate, which consisted of standardised measurements of HRV, we compared ANS between 30 patients with DSM-IV diagnosed anxiety disorder and 30 healthy controls, and investigated the autonomic effects of SSRI treatment. Five-minute HRV recordings were obtained before and after SSRI treatment and were analysed. Results : Five-minute HRV recordings in anxiety disorder patients revealed that a significant reduction in HRV was shown compared to controls. There was no significant changes in HRV between before and after SSRI treatment. Conclusion: Anxiety disorder patients showed a significant reduction in HRV compared to controls. SSRIs do not affect HRV influenced by ANS function. Further study is needed to confirm these things. Patients with anxiety disorder may suffer from functional disturbances in the interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic tree.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.454-464
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• 2001

Background: It has been recognized that systemic inflammatory reaction and oxygen free radical formed by activated leukocyte in the procedure of cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) frequently produce postoperative cardiac and pulmonary dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of leukocyte-depleting filters in the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit for patients undergoing open heart surgery(OHS). Material and method: The study involved 15 patients who underwent OHS with a Leukoguard-6 leukocyte filter placed in the arterial limbs of the bypass circuit(filter group, n=15) and 15 patients who did not have the filter(control group, n=15). We analyzed the differences between the groups in intraoperative changes of peripheral blood leukocyte and platelet counts, pre- and postbypass changes of malondialdehyde(MDA), troponin-T(TnT), 5'-nucleotidase(5'-NT) in coronary sinus blood, spontaneous recovery rate of heart beat after CPB, pre-and postoperative cardiac index(Cl) and pulmonary vascular resistance(PVR), and the amounts of postoperative bleeding and sternal wound complication. Result: During CPB, total leukocyte count of the filter group(9,567$\pm$ 842/㎣) was significantly less than that of the control group(13,573+1,167/㎣) (p<0.01), but there was no significant difference in platelet count between the groups. Postoperative levels of MDA(3.78+0.32 $\mu$mol/L vs 5.86+0.65 $\mu$mo1/L, p<0.01), TnT(0.40$\pm$0.04 ng/mL vs 0.59$\pm$0.08 ng/mL, p<0.05) and 5'-NT(3.88$\pm$0.61 U/L vs 5.80$\pm$0.90 U/L, p<0.05) were all significantly lower in the filter group than the control group. Postoperative Cl was higher in the filter group than the control group(3.26$\pm$0.18 L/$m^2$min vs 2.75$\pm$0.17 L/$m^2$/min, p=0.05). PVR of the filter group was lower than that of the control group(65.87$\pm$7.59 dyne/sec/cm$^{5}$ vs 110.80+12.22 dyne/sec/cm$^{5}$ , p<0.01). Spontaneous recovery rate of heart beat in the filter group was higher than that in the control group(12 patients vs 8 patients, p<0.05). Postoperative wound infection occurred in one case in the filter group and 4 case in the control group(p<0.05). Postoperative 24 hour blood loss of the filter group was more than that of the control group (614$\pm$107 mL vs 380+71 mL, p=0.05).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 2005

The measurement technique using laser distometer to estimate soil erosion on sloped upland was assessed for its possibility for application. This technique was practiced in lysimeter installed in Chuncheon and Pyeongchang in 2001. The lysimeter installed at Chuncheon has 12% slope, 10 m slope length, 2 m width, and soil texture was sandy loam, while the lysimeter installed at Pyeongchang showed 23% slope, 15 m slope length, 5 m width, and sandy loam soil. Change of surface soil height was monitored using laser distance meter before and after rainy season on same spots. The Investigated periods in Chuncheon and Pyeongchang were from 22 June to 22 September and from July to October, respectively. Precipitation in Chuncheon and Pyeongchang in this period was 892.2 and 931.9 mm, respectively. Rainfall over 60% of annual precipitation was concentrated on July and August in Chuncheon and September and October in Pyeongchang, respectively. By monitoring the change of surface soil height using laser distance meter before and after rainy season, eroded soil surface in up-down fallow field in Chuncheon was 0.874 cm, while eroded soil surface in slant furrow field in Pyeongchang was 1.127 cm, which correspond to 79.5 and $98.0MT\;ha^{-1}$. Soil erosion increased as furrow length increased. Amounts of estimated soil loss using laser distance meter was 0.98-1.18 times higher compared to the estimated values through Iysimeter experiment, which implies possibility for application to monitor soil loss particularly in up-down and slant furrowed field. However, in the lysimeter with contoured tillage, amount of estimated soil loss using laser distance meter was approximately a half compared to that from lysimeter experiment, which implies inadequacy of distance meter application in contour- tillage field. The great soil loss difference between distance meter and lysimeter might be caused by disruption of some of the contoured furrows in lysimeter. The measurement technique using distometer in this study could be useful to estimate soil loss especially in up-down and slant-tillage fields.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.518-522
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• 2005

Purpose : To evaluate the effect of inhaled hypertonic saline solution in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis. Methods : A randomized double blind trial was performed from October 2003 to May 2004. A total of eighty patients <1 year of age with a clinical diagnosis of acute viral bronchiolitis were enrolled and assigned to receive either of the following : inhalation of 2 mL(0.5 mg) fenoterol added to 2 mL of 0.9 percent saline solution(group 1; n=40) or 2 mL(0.5 mg) fenoterol added to 2 mL of 3 percent saline solution(group 2; n=40). This therapy was repeated at six hours interval after admission. They were evaluated daily just before and 20 minutes after nebulization. The outcome measures included changes in clinical severity score(based on respiratory rate, presence of wheezing, retraction, and general condition) after nebulization and duration of hospitalization. Results : In the clinical severity score, a significant improvement was observed during the 72 hours of hospitalization in both groups(P<0.05). The basic clinical severity scores before inhalation were decreased significantly faster in group 2 as compared to group 1 on each day of treatment(P<0.05). The mean duration of hospital stay was significantly reduced in group 2 than group 1($5.9{\pm}1.9days$ versus $7.4{\pm}2.0days$, P<0.05). No adverse effects were associated with inhaled therapy. Conclusion : These results suggest that a nebulized 3 percent saline solution plus 0.5 mg fenoterol may be more effective than a 0.9 percent saline solution plus 0.5 mg fenoterol in accelerating the clinical recovery of infants with viral bronchiolitis.