• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2009

Purpose: This study evaluated the preoperative and postoperative radiologic findings of patients with complete repairs after massive rotator cuff tears along with the incidence of re-tear and the clinical outcomes. Materials and methods: This study evaluated 33 cases who had open complete repairs for massive rotator cuff tears and these patients were followed up for more than 24 months. The clinical evaluation was performed according to the shoulder joint function test of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and the degree of arthritis related to the massive rotator cuff tears was evaluated using the Hamada classification. Results: The ASES scores improved from 37.6 preoperatively to 85.6 postoperatively. The mean preoperative acromio-humeral interval (AHI) score was 6.5 mm, which increased to 9.3 mm immediately after surgery, and there was a decreased to 6.5 mm noted at the last follow up. The lower radiology stages of arthritis according to the classification showed better preoperative and postoperative results. Conclusion: An open complete repair as the surgical treatment for a massive rotator cuff tear showed satisfactory results for pain relief and an improvement in the shoulder joint function though re-tear after surgery.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.75-81
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• 2006

In this study on the recipe for Yakgwa in Jeonbuk province, a survey of the ingredients, the quantity and the recipe for Yakgwa were conducted by an interview with the notable maker of it in 9 regions ; Jeonju, Imshil, Jangsu, Jeongup, Namwon(Samaemyeon & Dukgwamyeon), Wanju, Gochang, Iksan, away from each other. The hardness testing and the sensory evaluation of Yakgwa were carried out to compare with the control group and Jeonbuk Yakgwa. The results of this study are as follows ; 1. Common ingredients of Yakgwa examined in 9 regions were flour, sesame oil or soybean oil, honey or sugar, ginger juice, alcoholic drinks and etc. The quantity of oil (sesame or soybean) per kilogram of flour was as follows between one-half and one cup of oil, between one and three cups of honey or sugar, between one-half and one cup of ginger juice and between one-half and one cup of alcoholic drinks. Making of Yakgwa in Jeonju and Imshil area, knead flour with the liquid ingredients which are mixed together before. In other areas, after sifting the mixed flour with sesame oil, and then knead the remaining with the sifted. 2. The result of the hardness testing of Yakgwa was that it is higher in this order, Iksan, Imshil, the control group, Jeongup, Jeonju. With while the difference of syrup used in each of them, the result of hardness testing in the same order shows that the component of Yakgwa has more great effect on the hardness than a kind of syrup on which the result by using syrup before&after cooking. And in the sensory evaluation, the surface color of Iksan Yakgwa was the most bright of all, and the shininess was of Imshil and the control group, the cracked level, the softness, the sweet taste and the oily taste of Jeonju Yakgwa was better than other Also, the overall preference, though less meaningful, was same result.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.218-225
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• 2015

This study used sodium fluorescein to improve imaging diagnostic ability by increasing the fluorescence difference between sound enamel and caries lesions. It also made it easier to discriminate between stain and caries lesions using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF). Half of the specimen surface was covered with nail varnish as a control. Specimens were divided randomly in six decalcification groups and decalcified for different lengths of time. Then, ${\Delta}F$ was measured using QLF-D. After applying 0.075% sodium fluorescein, we measured ${\Delta}F$ again and compared it with the initial value. After cutting the central portion of the specimen, we measured the lesion depth using scanning electron microscopy. The lesion surfaces observed with QLF were darker than normal enamel, whereas they were lighter than normal enamel after applying fluorescein. Longer decalcification time was associated with greater fluorescent dye penetration. The ${\Delta}F$ measured after applying fluorescein was higher than the initial value (p < 0.05). Due to QLF measurement using fluorescein being more sensitive for diagnosing early decalcification, this approach will enable early diagnosis of dental caries before the cavity formation stage, allowing the treatment of early caries lesions. With QLF and sodium fluorescein, we can easily discriminate between stain and caries lesions.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.239-251
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• 2006

결합조직이식을 이용한 치근피개 술식에 많은 관심이 집중되고 있다. 최근에는 acellular dermal matrix가 자가 결합조직 이식편의 대체물로써 소개되었다. 본 실험의 목적은 치근피개를 위해 acellular dermal matrix을 사용시, 그 임상 효과 빚 조직 치유 양상을 평가하고, 이를 자가 결합조직 이삭시의 결과와 비교하기 위함이다. 3마리의 성견에 인위적인 치은 퇴축부 형성을 위해서, 상악 좌우견치의 협측에서 각화치은을 모두 제거하고, 법랑백악경계부로부터 12mm 정도 치조골을 삭제한 후에 판막을 봉합하였다. 그 후 35일을 치유 기간으로 부여하였다. 총 6 부위의 결손부가 실험에 포함되었고, 각각 3 부위씩이 대조군과 실험군으로 분류되었다. 실험군에서는 acellular dermal matrix 이식과 치관측 변위 판막을 시행하였고, 대조군에서는 치은 퇴축부위에 자가 결합조직 이식과 치관측 변위 판막을 시행하였다. 치주낭 깊이, 임상적 부착 수준, 치은 퇴축 높이, 각화조직 높이 등을 인위적 결손부 형성전, 치은 피개술 시행 직전, 피개술 시행후 4주 경과시에 각각 측정하였다. 술후 4주시에, 상악 좌우 견치 부위에서 시편을 얻어 조직학적으로 관찰하고 Wilcoxon signed rank test 와 Mann-Whitney U test으로 통계처리하였다. 임상결과 관찰시, 대조군과 실험군 모두에서, 술전과 비교시 치은 퇴축 감소와 각화조직의 증가, 임상 부착수준의 개선이 나타났다.(p ( 0.05) 평균 치근 피개율은 실험군에서 61.33(5.67%(n=3), 대조군에서 55.67(5.67%(n=3) 이었고, 대조군과 실험군에서 임상결과에서는 통계학적으로 유의성 있는 차이는 없었다.(p ( 0.05). 조직학상으로는, 두 군 모두에서 이식편이 수여부에 잘 융화되어 있었고 비슷한 치유 양상을 보였다. 이상의 실험결과에 의하면, Acellular dermal matrix은 치근피개술 시행시에 결합조직 이식편의 대용품으로 사용할 수 있고 비슷한 피개 결과를 얻을수 있었다.

• 한국노년학
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.801-824
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• 2019

As becoming an aging society, there is a rising interest on dementia. But Dementia prevention program, executed at the national level, is in insufficient state. In this study, to design and diffuse Dementia prevention program, this study conduct Cognition improvement program and evaluate cognitive function in aspects of Discrimination, Organization, Thinking, Memorizing, and Concentration capacity. So that this study try to investigate how this Cognition improvement program will affect in detail to cognitive function in senior people. This study designed Silver Cognition program for 5 aspects of cognitive function; Discrimination, Organization, Thinking, and Concentration capacity. And this studyrecruited experimental group with control group, and conducted the program to them for 3 months. At the start and the end of the program, this study evaluated their MMSE-DS score, Geriatric depression scale, Quality of life score, and cognitive function test score by survey. Finally, this study compared and analyzed these first and second score to find the effects of this program to cognitive function. As the results compared between first and second score of MMSE-DS test, Geriatric depression scale, Quality of life scale, and cognitive function test, Silver Cognition program has a significant effects to improve cognitive function, MMSE-DS score and Geriatric depression scale. As the results of the test on cognitive function in 5 aspects, cognitive function is more improved in the order of Memorizing, Thinking, Concentration, Discrimination, and Organization capacity. After the Silver Cognition program, Memorizing and Thinking capacity have most improvement. But aging of brain function is faster in these two capacity, so if more concentrated education is conducted for these two capacity, then it will bring better effects for prevention of dementia.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 2008

Purpose: At the beginning of PET/CT, Computed Tomography was mainly used only for Attenuation Correction (AC), but as the performance of the CT have been increase, it could give improved diagnostic information with Contrast Media. But it was controversial that Contrast Media could affect AC on PET/CT scan. Some submitted thesis' show that Contrast Media could overestimate when it is for AC data processing. On the contrary, the opinion that Contrast Media could be possible to affect the alteration of SUV because of the overestimated AC. But it does not have a definite effect on the diagnosis. Thus, the affection of Contrast Media on AC was investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: Patient inclusion criteria required a history of a malignancy and performance of an integrated PET/CT scan and contrast- enhanced CT scan within a 1-day period. Thirty oncologic patients who had PET/CT scan from December 2007 to June 2008 underwent staging evaluation and met these criteria. All patients fasted for at least 6 hr before the IV injection of approximately 5.6 MBq/kg (0.15 mCi/kg) of $^{18}F$-FDG and were scanned about 60 min after injection. All patients had a whole body PET/CT performed without IV contrast media followed by a contrast-enhanced CT on the Discovery STe PET/CT scanner. CT data were used for AC and PET images came out after AC. The ROIs drew and measured SUV. A paired t-test of these results was performed to assess the significance of the difference between the SUV obtained from the two attenuation corrected PET images. Results: The mean and maximum Standardized Uptake Values (SUV) for different regions averaged over all Patients. Comparing before using Contrast Media and after using, Most of ROIs have the increased SUV when it did Contrast Enhanced CT compare to Non-Contrast enhanced CT. All regions have increased SUV and also their p value was under 0.05 except the mean SUV of the Heart region. Conclusion: In this regard, the effect on SUV measurements that occurs when a contrast-enhanced CT is used for attenuation correction could have significant clinical ramifications. But some submitted thesis insisted that the percentage change in SUV that can determine or modify clinical management of oncology patients is small. Because there was not much difference that could be discovered by interpreter. But obviously the numerical change was occurred and on the stage finding primary region, small change would be base line, such as the region of liver which has greater change than the other regions needs more attention.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.312-322
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• 2006

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of surface roughness on the surface color and translucency of the composite resins. Two composite resins (Esthet-X, Dentsply, Milford, USA and Charisma, Kulzer, Domagen, Germany) were used to investigate the surface color. Charisma was used to investigate the translucency. 40 disc samples (diameter: 8 mm, thickness: 5 mm) were made by each product to measure the surface color. Polymerized each sample's one side was treated by Sof-Lex finishing and polishing system (Group C, M, F, SF). 40 disc samples (diameter: 6 mm, thickness: 1 mm) were prepared to measure the opacity. 1 mm samples were ground one side with #600, #1000, #1500 and #2000 sandpapers. CIE $L^{*}a^{*}b^{*}$ values of each 5 mm thickness samples, and XYZ values of 1 mm thickness samples on the white and black background were measured with spectrophotometer (Spectrolino, GretagMacbeth, Regensdorf, Switzerland). Mean surface roughness (Ra) of all samples before and after surface treatment was measured using the Surface Roughness Tester SJ-301 (Mytutoyo, Tokyo, Japan). Regardless of type and shade of the composite resin, $L^{*}$ values measured in group C were higher than others (p < 0.05), and $L^{*}$ value decreased as the Ra value decreased except B3 shade of Esthet-X. But there were no significant difference in $a^{*}$ values among groups. In control group and SF, highest $b^{*}$ values were measured (p < 0.05), except B1 shade of Esthet-X. Contrast ratio decreased as the Ra value decreased (p < 0.05). With the above results, difference of surface roughness has influence on surface color and translucency of dental composite resins.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.337-346
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• 2007

This study aimed to evaluate a relation of bruxism with clinical effects of botulinum toxin type A(BTX-A) injection. 5 bruxers and 5 nonbruxers with bilateral masseter hypertrophy were participated in this study. After injecting 25 unit of BTX-A(Allergen Inc, $Botox^{(R)}$) into each masseter muscle, the thickness of masseter(Mm) and anterior temporalis(Ta) muscles was measured by ultrasonography and the maximum bite force was evaluated during a 9-month period. Self-estimation on the recovery of occlusal force during mastication was done as well. Regardless of presence of bruxsim, all subjects showed significantly reduced Ms thickness(p<0.001) and maximum bite force at $1^{st}$ molars(p=0.027) with their peak at 3 months after injection, which then started to return. No significant difference was observed in Ta thickness and the bite force at the central incisors. While self-estimated occlusal force was the least at 2 weeks after injection and then rapidly returned to the baseline level with full recovery at the time of 6 to 9 months after injection, the maximum bite force measured by bite force recorder did not recover the original value, particularly in the nonbruxer group. It is assumed that nocturnal bruxism can influence recovery of atrophic masseter and decreased occlusal force due to BTX-A injection. These findings suggest a need of occlusal appliance to control bruxism or clenching habit for longer clinical effect of BTX-A injection.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.513-524
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• 2005

This study was conducted to introduce recycling procedures of food waste(FW) as feed according to the dehydration, semi-dehydration fermentation and liquid fermentation methods through the on-site survey of companies related, to trace physico-chemical components and nutritional losses depending upon the processing stage for each method and finally to suggest more desirable methodology for the efficient utilization of FW as animal feed. For the dehydration method, dewatering of FW alone reduced(P<0.05) moisture(approximately 10%) and ether extract contents and increased(P<0.05) fiber contents. Dewatering and subsequent dehydration of FW decreased(P<0.05) contents of ether extract, limiting amino acids such as lysine, methionine and histidine, pepsin digestibility of protein by half, and NaCl content by 40%, increased(P<0.05) contents of fiber, crude ash, Ca and P, and did not alter(P>0.05) pH. The semi-dehydration fermentation method of FW did not affect(P>0.05) the chemical components, pepsin digestibility of protein, pH and NaCl content. For the liquid fermentation method, pasteurization and fermentation of FW decreased(P<0.05) contents of dry matter, ether extract, crude fiber, lysine and NaCl; however, it did not affect(P>0.05) other chemical components, pepsin digestibility of protein and pH. Among the processing methods, nutrient losses were highest for the dehydration method(25% of metabolizable energy loss, 12% of organic matter loss) and little for the semi-dehydration and liquid fermentation methods. The on-site survey of companies related revealed that the existence of foreign materials in FW products were problematic for all the three companies surveyed, thus it was necessary to develop a more efficient screener. Before feeding FW-containing diets to pigs, high quality of protein and energy feedstuffs needed to be fortified for the dehydration method. For the semi-dehydration fermentation method, the scientific diet formulation technology was required at the initial mixing stage. For the liquid fermentation method, possibly most energetic and proteinaceous feeds needed to be supplemented for the normal animal growth.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1998

Time-lapse crosswell seismic data, recorded before and after the cavity filling, showed that the filling increased the velocity at a known cavity zone in an old mine site in Inchon area. The seismic response depicted on the tomogram and in conjunction with the geologic data from drillings imply that the size of the cavity may be either small or filled by debris. In this study, I attempted to evaluate the filling effect by analyzing velocity measured from the time-lapse tomograms. The data acquired by a downhole airgun and 24-channel hydrophone system revealed that there exists measurable amounts of source statics. I presented a methodology to estimate the source statics. The procedure for this method is: 1) examine the source firing-time for each source, and remove the effect of irregular firing time, and 2) estimate the residual statics caused by inaccurate source positioning. This proposed multi-step inversion may reduce high frequency numerical noise and enhance the resolution at the zone of interest. The multi-step inversion with different starting models successfully shows the subtle velocity changes at the small cavity zone. The inversion procedure is: 1) conduct an inversion using regular sized cells, and generate an image of gross velocity structure by applying a 2-D median filter on the resulting tomogram, and 2) construct the starting velocity model by modifying the final velocity model from the first phase. The model was modified so that the zone of interest consists of small-sized grids. The final velocity model developed from the baseline survey was as a starting velocity model on the monitor inversion. Since we expected a velocity change only in the cavity zone, in the monitor inversion, we can significantly reduce the number of model parameters by fixing the model out-side the cavity zone equal to the baseline model.