• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2001

To estimate total burden of hospital admission over patient of gamily, we need to know the unofficial private expenses in addition to explicit hospital admission fees. This study was conducted from June 29, 2,000 to August 10, 2,000. Subjects were 104 patient at university hospital located at chungnam province. After thorough explanation of purpose and procedures, notebooks are given to each patient or guardian. They are requested to recorded all relevant expenditures occurred during hospital stay. Incomplete records were filled-up by direct personal contact or phones. Datas were summarized and analyzed using SAS statistical package. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. The results of the study are as follows: 1. In 96.1% of the patient, guardians stayed at hospital to take care of patients. In 38,8% one of the family members get work-leave or temporary resting from job. Average date of leave was 7.5days. 2. Average informal cost burden per patient was 204,467 won (14,330 won${\sim}$1,594,870 won). Average hospital cost paid by the patient was 1,061,807 won. The ratio of informal cost burden to hospital cost paid by the patient was 0.327. 3. According to the regression analysis, the relevant factors affection informal cost burdens were distance from home to hospital(p=0.018), and duration of hospitalization(p=0.0001). 4. Informal cost burden was composed of expenses for personal expense of care giver (126, 720 won/patient), meal (86,924 won/patient), transportation (77,648 won/patient), necessaries of life (18,789 won/patient), tests and treatments not covered by insurance (17,289 won/patient), medical supplies not covered by insurance (15,280 won/patient), treat for visitors (14,757 won/patient), TV coin (8,247 won/patient), and others (7,582 won/patient). In addition to the hospital cost paid by the patient for hospital admission, the informal cost burdens should be recognised explicitly because it is not small. Significant proportion of informal cost burden is composed of care-giver's personal expense, transportation, meal. It is suggested that some polices are to be devised and implemented enabling that this portion of informal expenses be directed to formal professional nursing care. Thus we can improve the quality of care and decrease discomfort of patient's relatives.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.41-63
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• 1993

본(本) 연구(硏究)의 목적(目的)은 남북한(南北韓) 통화(通貨)의 구매력(購買力)을 상품가격(商品價格) 및 단위비용(單位費用)을 이용해 직접 비교(比較)해 보고자 하는 데 있다. 연구결과(硏究結果)에 따르면 북한(北韓)의 공식가격 및 공식임금을 이용하는 경우 남북한(南北韓) 통화(通貨)간의 구매력(購買力) 차이는 현재 북한(北韓)이 국제무역에서 통용하고 있는 상업환율(商業換率)보다 높게 나타나고 있다. 그러나 이 결과가 실제적으로 북한통화(北韓通貨)의 구매력(購買力)을 대변해 준다고 보기는 어렵다. 무엇보다도 현재 북한(北韓)에서의 가격(價格) 및 임금(賃金)이 실제적인 수요(需要) 공급상태(供給狀態)를 반영하기보다는 정부에 의해 낮게 책정되기 때문이다. 북한통화(北韓通貨)의 구매력(購買力)이 이 논문에서 공식가격(公式價格)을 이용해 얻은 결과보다 낮다는 것은 일부 품목을 암시장가격(暗市場價格)으로 대치해 얻은 결과를 통해서 확인할 수 있다. 또한 다른 사회주의(社會主義) 국가들의 체제전환(體制轉換) 경험에 비추어 볼 때 북한통화(北韓通貨)의 실제구매력(實際購買力)은 현재 상업환율(商業換率)이 나타내는 것보다도 작을 것으로 추측된다. 이 논문의 또 다른 실증결과(實證結果)는 남한(南韓)과 북한(北韓)의 가격구조(價格構造)가 상당히 다르게 나타나고 있다는 것이다. 북한(北韓)에서는 미가공식료품(美加工食料品), 주거비(住居費), 보건(保健) 의료(醫療) 등이 남한(南韓)에 비해 상대적으로 저렴(低廉)한 반면 가공(加工)된 식료품(食料品), 가구(家具) 및 가사용품(家事用品), 피복(被服) 신발 등은 상대적으로 남한(南韓)에 비해 높은 가격이 유지되고 있다. 이러한 남한(南韓)과 북한(北韓)의 가격구조(價格構造) 차이(差異)는 경제성장(經濟成長) 및 사회변화(社會變化)에 따른 차이가 일부 있기도 하지만 북한체제(北韓體制)에서의 인위적(人爲的)인 가격책정(價格策定)에 의한 가격구조(價格構造)의 왜곡(歪曲)으로 인한 차이가 상당히 큰 것으로 짐작된다.

• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.177-194
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• 2009

Korea government has launched long-term care insurance from 2008. However, one of the most important issues, whether or not providing cash benefit, is still unresolved. In this paper, in order to provide policy guidelines for the long-term care insurance, I attempt to estimate the Willingness-To-Accept (WTA) of the cash subsidy for informal care by using Double Bounded Dichotomous Choice method, a branch of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). In doing so, I also estimated the determinants of the preference for cash benefit. Data were obtained from face-to-face survey interviews with 300 informal care-givers at three major general hospitals in Seoul, Korea. The questionnaire was constructed with two scenarios (mild/severe symptom). The results from logistic regression analyses and the estimation of WTA indicate that informal care-givers are willing to accept the cash benefit as low as 628 thousands won for mild fragile elderly and 1,072 thousands won for severe fragile elderly. The strength of this paper is that I estimated the WTA of the cash benefit by reflecting the changes in preferences of informal care-givers. The analytic results from the this paper suggest that the cash benefit in long-term care insurance is indispensible in achieving the goal of the long-term care system.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.97-124
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• 2001

Co-residence is a type of intergenerational private transfers of resources: money, time and space. Adult daughters and their elderly parents decide to co-reside, depending on their utility levels before and after co-residence that mainly depend on the health status of the elderly. Therefore, co-residence implies positive net benefits to both parties in the sense that, when they co-reside, elderly parents share childcare and adult daughter provide elderly care. In other words, formal (paid) care can be substituted with informal (unpaid) one. Both marriage and giving births are considered as the major obstacles to labor market attachment of women who bear burdens of home production and childcare. Co-residence can be a solution for married women to avoid career interruption by sharing burdens with their elderly parents. However, most previous studies using the U.S. data on intergenerational private transfers focused on elderly care and have concluded that they reduce government expenditures associated with public subsidies to the elderly. This study focuses on adult daughters and it examines effects of co-residence on labor supply of married women in Korea, who face limited formal childcare programs in terms of both quantity and quality. It applies the Tobit model of married women's labor supply to the data from the Second Wave of the Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey( 1999), in order to investigate effects of co-residence and the work and health status of the co-residing elderly as well as their own health status. Four specifications of the empirical model are tested that each includes co-residence with elderly parents, their gender, or their work and health status. Estimation results show that co-residence, co-residence with female elderly, and co-residence with not-working female elderly have significant positive effects on labor supply of married women while poor health status of co-residing female elderly does not bring about any negative effects. However, co-residence with male elderly, regardless of their work and health status, has no significant effect The results indicate that co-residence is closely related to sharing of home production among female elderly and adult daughters who are married and, through intergenerational private transfers of resources in terms of time, it helps women avoid career interruption.