• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.157-166
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• 2014

ATP in quantity co-stored with neurotransmitters in the secretory vesicles of neurons, by being co-released with the neurotransmitters, takes an important role to modulate the stimulus-secretion response of neurotransmitters. Here, in this study, the modulatory effect of ATP was studied in $Ca^{2+}$ channels of cultured rat adrenal chromaffin cells to investigate the physiological role of ATP in neurons. The $Ca^{2+}$ channel current was recorded in a whole-cell patch clamp configuration, which was modulated by ATP. In 10 mM $Ba^{2+}$ bath solution, ATP treatment (0.1 mM) decreased the $Ba^{2+}$ current by an average of $36{\pm}6%$ (n=8), showing a dose-dependency within the range of $10^{-4}{\sim}10^{-1}mM$. The current was recovered by ATP washout, demonstrating its reversible pattern. This current blockade effect of ATP was disinhibited by a large prepulse up to +80 mV, since the $Ba^{2+}$ current increment was larger when treated with ATP ($37{\pm}5%$, n=11) compared to the control ($25{\pm}3%$, n=12, without ATP). The $Ba^{2+}$ current was recorded with $GTP{\gamma}S$, the non-hydrolyzable GTP analogue, to determine if the blocking effect of ATP was mediated by G-protein. The $Ba^{2+}$ current decreased down to 45% of control with $GTP{\gamma}S$. With a large prepulse (+80 mV), the current increment was $34{\pm}4%$ (n=19), which $25{\pm}3%$ (n=12) under control condition (without $GTP{\gamma}S$). The $Ba^{2+}$ current waveform was well fitted to a single-exponential curve for the control, while a double-exponential curve best fitted the current signal with ATP or $GTP{\gamma}S$. In other words, a slow activation component appeared with ATP or $GTP{\gamma}S$, which suggested that both ATP and $GTP{\gamma}S$ caused slower activation of $Ca^{2+}$ channels via the same mechanism. The results suggest that ATP may block the $Ca^{2+}$ channels by G-protein and this $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocking effect of ATP is important in autocrine (or paracrine) inhibition of adrenaline secretion in chromaffin cell.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 1997

Phytoremediation, using plants to remediate toxic organic and inorganic pollutants in contaminated soils, is an emerging technology for environmental cleanup. Three strategies of this technology are applicable to the remediation of toxic heavy metals, radionuclides, and toxic organic pollutants: They are (1) phytoextraction, in which plants anumulate the contaminants and are harvested for the downstream processing; (2) phytodegradation, in which plant-released enzymes or plant-associated microorganisms convert toxic pollutants into non-toxic materials; and (3) phytostabilization, in which toxic pollutants are precipitated from solution or absorbed in either the plant tissue or the soil matrix. Phytoremediation is more effective and less expensive than other current treatment technologies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.1924-1929
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• 2013

Hizikia fusiforme (seaweed fusiforme) has long been used as a food source mainly in Korea and Japan. This study was performed to evaluate the immunomodulative effects of Hizikia fusiforme in mice. Hizikia fusiforme water extracts (0, 50, and 500 mg/kg b.w.) were orally administrated into the mice every other day, for four weeks. The proliferation of splenocytes, as well as the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$) secreted by activated macrophages were measured. Splenocyte proliferation was enhanced in the experimental groups compared to that of the control group. Also, the mice with Hizikia fusiforme water extracts supplementation in both concentrations showed increased levels of cytokine production by activated peritoneal macrophages compared to those in the control group. The highest levels of cytokine (IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$) production were observed in the 50 mg/kg b.w. supplementation group stimulated by LPS for all three cytokines. The results of this study showed that the supplementation of Hizikia fusiforme water extracts may enhance the immune function by regulating the splenocytes proliferation and the cytokine production by activated macrophages. Further studies are needed to identify the stimulative and immunomodulating components of Hizikia fusiforme.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2004

The immune activities of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium added garlic extracts (GAM), Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium (GM), garlic extracts (GS) and standard $({\beta}-glucan)$ were compared. GAM enhanced the growth of human immune T cell up to $1.25{\sim}1.46$ times, compared to control group. GAM showed relatively lower cytotoxicity in using normal human lung cell, while GAM showed the most potent inhibitory effect on the human lung carcinoma, compared to GM and GS. The selectivity of GAM was also higher than that of GM and GS. GAM increased the secretion of cytokines, IL-6 and TNF- from human B cell as well as the growth of human immune cells. It can imply that GAM has higher immune activity than GM or GS.

• Landscaping Tree
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• s.102
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• pp.26-28
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• 2008

최근 환경변화와 국제교류의 확대로 인하여 예전에는 문제가 되지 않았거나, 보이지 않았던 해충들이 문제해충화 되어 우리 주변에서 정원수나 조경수에 피해를 주는 해충들이 있다. 이들은 크게 3가지로 분류되는데 (1)환경의 변화에 의한 잠재해충과 문제해충화 (2) 인간의 욕심에 의해 대면적 식재로 인한 해충의 기회 확대 (3) 국제교류 확대로 인한 외래 해충의 침입 으로 나눌 수 있다. 이번 호에서는 환경변화에 의한 해충의 발생으로 환경스트레스에 의해 식물 자체 내의 방어체계가 무너지면 어떤 특정종이나 일반 해충이 대발생하는데 식물자체 환경 스트레스에 관계하는 jasmonate의 작용 저해, 식물이 자기방어를 위해 분비하는 타감물질(allelopathy)의 분비 억제, 초식성 곤충으로부터 산란억제를 위한 연모의 부족 등 해충의 대발생을 야기 시키는 경우도 있다. 또한 지구온난화로 인한 각종 해충의 대발생은 현재 전 세계적으로 문제가 되고 있다. 기온의 상승으로 곤충의 발육이 빨라져 화기 수가 증가한다거나, 포식자와 피식자의 상호작용의 연결고리가 깨어지는 등 각종 원인으로 인한 최근 발생한 해충을 기술하였다.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.3-3
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• 2002

본 연구는 개의 동결정액제조 시 동결보호 희석액 내에 첨가되는 당의 종류와 조합이 동결융해 후 정자의 생존율 및 운동성에 미치는 영향과 정자동결 시 straw size, 예비동결 시 액체질소표면으로부터 straw까지의 거리 및 융해온도가 생존율에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하고자 실시하였다. 포유류의 경우 부생식선의 정낭선에서 분비되는 정장내에는 정자의 체외사출 후 정자의 영양물질인 fructose 가 분비되는데, 동결정액제조 시 회석액내에 첨가되는 당 성분은 fructose 및 glucose를 일반적으로 사용하고 있다. (중략)

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1974

Rana pipiens의 난자운반은 섬모운동에 의하여 이루어지며 섬모운동은 배란시에 분비되는 난소호르몬에 의존하는 것으로 알려져 왔다. 저자는 이러한 난자운반이 순전히 난소호르몬에 의존하는가 난소호르몬 이외의 기타 호르몬이 관여하는 것인가 또는 난소호르몬 없이도 수행될 수 있는가를 알아보려고 본 실험을 시도하였다. 난관 적출된 개구리에 배란을 유도시켜 얻어진 복강난자를 난소적출을 실시한 암 Rana pipiens의 복강내에 이전시킨 대조군과 이전 직후 뇌하수체, 뇌하수체와 progesterone, progesterone, FSH, LH 또는 estrogen 등을 각각 주사시킨 각 호르몬 투여군의 6군으로 나누고 이식한 난자들에 대한 각 호르몬의 효과를 관찰하여 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 난소적출 Rana pipiens에 배란된 난자를 이식시키면 이식체내에서 난자운반이 진행되었다. 2. Progesterone, estrogen, FSH, LH 및 progesterone과 뇌하수체 호르몬 투여군의 난자운반은 대조군과 비슷한 현상을 보여 주었으므로 이들이 섬모운동에 직접 관여하는 것으로 보여지지 않았으나 뇌하수체 호르몬은 섬모운동과 난관투입에 유효한 영향을 미치었다. 3. 난자의 난관으로의 진입은 복강내에 난자수가 일정량(약 200)에 다달아야 이루어졌다. 4. 난소적출 개구리에서의 난자운반 진행상황으로 보아 난소가 섬모운동, 난자운반을 촉진하는 것으로 보이지 않았으며 섬모운동을 일으키는 요인은 복강내에 있는 난자 자체가 어떤 액성물질을 분비하는 것으로 고찰하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 1997

Phenolic compounds from 7 species of naturalized invader species and Korean wild plants were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Eleven phenolic compounds including benzoic acid were identified. The extract of naturalized plants was significantly more inhibitory to seed germination and seedling growth of the both naturalized and Korean wild plants. The content of total phenolic compounds in each extract were 43.5 mg/l in Ailanthus altissima as the maximum amount and 25.5 mg/l in Phytolacca americana as the minimum. Phytotoxic substances of ethanol extracts was investigated for antifungal activity against 23 selected fungus species. The antifungal activity of Phytolacca americana showed the greatest clear zone of 23 mm in Aspergillus awamori and its activity had an effect against 6 fungus species. Ailanthus altissima formed the greatest clear zone of 26 mm in Erwinia carotovora sub. sp. carotovora and had an effect agsinst 2 fungus species.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.181-190
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• 1990

The growth and biochemical activities of Chlorella fusca were studied in the presence of different concentrations of either filtrates or mycelial mats of Saprolegnia ferax and Pythium graminicola. Low concentrations of both fungal filtrates exerted increase in total count, dry weight and in the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates and nitrogen content. High concentrations showed inhibitory effect on both growth and biochemical activities of Chlorella fusca. Supplementation with different concentrations of dry mycelial mats of either fungi the culture of Chlorella showed elevation in biomass, dry weight, and biosynthesis of carbohydrates and nitrogen content especially at low concentrations. The contents of photosynthetic pigment were inhibited only at low concentrations. Neither the culture filtrate of Pythium nor Saprolegnia had cellulolytic activity, although polygalacturonase enzymes were detected, whereas chloroform-extract of both fungal filtrates showed blue spots under long wave light (366 nm).

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.295-303
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• 2004

Plants of Lycopersicon esculentum, containing various organic compounds, are known to develop idioblasts in their epidermis. Lycopersicon esculentum have long been investigated in many areas, but structural aspects of the epidermis of various organs have not been carried out in detail. Thus, the present study attempted to reveal the patterns of idioblast development, particularly those of the reproductive organs, in L. esculentum epidermis using scanning electron microscopy. The present study mainly focused on patterns of the stomata and trichome types. Two types of stomata were developed in the flowers and fruits: anomocytic stomata (stomata type I) were distributed normally throughout the epidermis, whereas actinocytic raised stomata (stomata type II) were found variously in different epidermal tissues. For the trichomes, both glandular and non-glandular types were developed in the epidermis. The former included peltate glandular trichomes having four head cells (trichome type I) and capitate multicellular glandular trichomes (trichome type II). The latter included non-glandular short trichomes (trichome type III) and considerably elongated trichomes with basal rosette cells (trichome type IV). In paticular, the raised stomata were well-developed in the peduncles and the peltate glandular trichomes were prominent in the sepal and ovary epidermis. Transmission electron microscopy on the ontogeny and ultrastructural differentiation of these idioblasts, associated with the current result, will aid us in better understanding of the structure and functional relationship in the epidermal differentriation of Lycopersicon esculentum.