• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.83-109
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• 1983

The Cretaceous Palgongsan granite is a typical, calc-alkaline, subsolvus monzogranite and shows characteristics of "I-type" granite by mineralogy and chemical composition. Many of the major and trace element characteristics of the Palgongsan granite are consistent with a relationship by fractional crystallisation to form a chemically zoned pattern. The granite show light REE enrichment with (Ce/Yb)N ratios of 5.78-9.50. All the REE patterns show Eu negative anomalies which become larger from the margin ($Eu/Eu^*=0.75$) to the core ($Eu/Eu^*=0.24$) of the pluton, mainly due to feldspar fractionation. Mineral geochemistry (alkali-feldspar, plagioclase & biotite) studies also show the zonal structure of the Palgongsan granite. The two-feldspar geothermometer shows that the temperature difference between the margin and the core part of the pluton is about $200^{\circ}C$ at various assumed pressures.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.284-291
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• 2003

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens K-42, which produces strongly a fibrinolytic enzyme, Was isolated from Ganjang, a traditional Korean soy sauce. The fibrinolytic enzyme was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100, and gel chromatography on Sephadex G-75 of the culture filtrate of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens K42. The purified enzyme showed the specific activity of 59.4 units per milligram, which was increased by 17.1 fold over the culture broth. And the molecular weight of purified fibrinolytic enzyme was confirmed to be about 45,000 Dalton by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme activity was relatively stable at pH 4.0-10.0 and the optimum pH was 8.0. The activity of the purified enzyme was increased by $Mg^{2+}$ , Cu$^{2+}$ but the enzyme was totally inhibited by $Ba^{2+}$ $Hg^{2+}$ In addition, the enzyme activity was potently inhibited by EDTA, EGTA and CDTA. It was concluded that the purified enzyme was a metalloprotease. And Km value was 2.03 mg/ml to fibrin.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.223-236
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• 2019

This study aimed to investigate the physiological characteristics and anti-diabetic effects of Lactobacillus plantarum KI69. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of L. plantarum KI69 was 91.17±2.23% and 98.71±4.23%, respectively. The propionic, acetic, and butyric acid contents of the MRS broth inoculated with L. plantarum KI69 were 8.78±1.12 ppm, 1.34±0.07% (w/v), and 0.876±0.003 g/kg, respectively. L. plantarum KI69 showed higher sensitivity to penicillin-G, oxacillin, and chloramphenicol among 16 different antibiotics and showed the highest resistance to ampicillin and vancomycin. The strain showed higher β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activities than other enzymes. Additionally, it did not produce carcinogenic enzymes, such as β-glucuronidase. The survival rate of L. plantarum KI69 in 0.3% bile was 96.42%. Moreover, the strain showed a 91.45% survival rate at pH 2.0. It was resistant to Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus with the rates of 15.44%, 50.79%, 58.62%, and 37.85%, respectively. L. plantarum (25.85%) showed higher adhesion ability than the positive control L. rhamnosus GG (20.87%). These results demonstrate that L. plantarum KI69 has a probiotic potential with anti-diabetic effects.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 1992

A mechanistic study by which Cadmium-tolerant P.Putida C1 accumulates high conc of Cd in its cell body was performed. Approximately 57% Cd accumulated was distributed on the cell wall and the other 43% portion was in cytoplasm. 84% Cd of the Cd in the cell wall fractions present in the polyphosphate-polysaccharide fractions, but most of Cd in the cytoplasm fraction was in protein and nucleic acid. Cadmium affected the protein synthesis in P. Putida. The intracellular protein content was decreased by cadmium addition, but the soluble protein precipitated by ammonium sulfate($30{\sim}75%$ satruation) was increased as compared to that from the cells grwon without cadmium. Furthermore, in the cells grown with of cadmium, high-molecular-weight soluble protein was increased, with of cadmium, high-molecular-weight soluble protein was increased, compared with the cells grown without cadmium, but low-molecular-weight soluble protein was decreased. These results indicate that Cd inhibited the intracellular protein biosynthesis but enhance biosynthesis of the high-molecular-weight soluble protein precipitate by ammonium sulfate($30{\sim}75%$ saturation).

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 2008

In this study, a simple, effective, and sensitive method has been developed for the quantitative residue analysis of cyhalofop-butyl and its metabolite cyhalofop acid in water and soil when kept under laboratory conditions. The content of cyholofop-butyl and cyhalofop acid in water and soil was analyzed by first purifying the compounds through liquid-liquid extraction and partitioning followed by Silica gel (adsorption) chromatography. Upon the completion of the purification step the residual levels were monitored through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a UV absorbance detector. The recoveries of cyhalofop-butyl from three replicates spiked at two different concentrations ranged from 82.5 to 100.0% and from 66.7 to 97.9% in water and soil, respectively. The limit of detection and minimum detection level of cyhalofop-butyl in water and soil was 0.02 ppm and 10 ng, respectively. The recoveries of cyhalofop acid ranged from 80.7 to 104.8% in water and from 76.9 to 98.1 % in soil. The limit of detection of cyhalofop acid was 0.005 ppm in water and 0.01 ppm in soil, while the minimum detection level was 2 ng both in water and soil. The half-live of cyhalofop-butyl was 4.14 and 6.6 days in water and soil, respectively. The method was successfully applied to evaluate cyhalofop-butyl residues in water and soil applied aj. 30% emulsion, oil in water (EW) product.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.553-557
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• 2011

Garlic specific organic compounds were separated and purified using a recycling preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from blanched garlic cloves. Identification of the compounds involved comparing the previously reported HPLC retention times as well as other identification methods including $^1H$- and $^{13}C$-nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The yields of garlic specific organic compounds were 12.2, 42.5, 1.6, 1.2, and 4.8% on wet weight basis of garlic for alliin(S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide), isoalliin(S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide), ${\gamma}$-glutamyl-S-allylcysteine, ${\gamma}$-glutamyl-S-1-propenylcysteine and ${\gamma}$-glutamyl-phenylalanine, respectively. All the compounds, except for ${\gamma}$-glutamylphenylalanine, contained sulfur.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.18 no.4 s.31
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• pp.155-165
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• 2005

진당시기대상한론치법적연구유(晋唐時期對傷寒論治法的硏究有): 왕숙화운용당시성행적(王叔和運用當時盛行的)‘한(汗), 토(吐), 하(下), 온(溫), 구(灸), 자(刺), 수(水), 화(火)’등팔법(等八法), 귀납료상한론적증치경험(歸納了傷寒論的證治經驗); 손사막근거자기적임상경험(孫思邈根據自己的臨床經驗), 파상한론적태양병편진행료(把傷寒論的太陽病篇進行了)‘이방명법(以方名法), 안법류증(按法類證)’, 저시해시기대상한론육경병치법적대표성적연구(這是該時期對傷寒論六經病治法的代表性的硏究), 저종연구유원시화력사적국한성(這種硏究有原始和歷史的局限性), 종중국의학대상한론육경병치법적연구력사고려(從中國醫學對傷寒論六經病治法的硏究歷史考慮), 저성위료후세적치법연구적선구자(這成爲了後世的治法硏究的先驅者), 구유비상대적영향(具有非常大的影響). 재송대대상한론치법적연구상(在宋代對傷寒論治法的硏究上), 기관건작용적의가유방안시화주굉(起關鍵作用的醫家有龐安時和朱肱). 타문대상한론치료원칙적천발(他們對傷寒論治療原則的闡發), 대륙경병적분석귀납(對六經病的分析歸納), 이급제시구체적치법상(以及提示具體的治法上), 도주출료공헌(都做出了貢獻). 방안시주장료응안인(龐安時主張了應按人), 지(地), 시제정치료적사상(時制定治療的思想); 주굉이(朱肱以)‘병유표본(病有標本), 치유선후(治有先後)’위치료원칙(爲治療原則), 여상한론상결합진행치료(與傷寒論相結合進行治療), 대후세의가산생료영향(對後世醫家産生了影響). 도료금원대성무기(到了金元代成無己), 류완소(劉完素), 왕호고등(王好古等), 대내경내용각자이사상관점(對內經內容各自以思想觀点), 분별안변증론치총결료육경병적치료규율(分別按辨證論治總結了六經病的治療規律), 동시대증후화방약진행료분석(同時對證候和方藥進行了分析), 천명료구체적육경병치법적병리전귀(闡明了具體的六經病治法的病理轉歸), 도유기독창성(都有其獨創性). 성무기용내경해석료상한론(成無己用內經解釋了傷寒論), 총결해기(總結解肌) 발한(發汗) 중제발한(重劑發汗) 해표행수(解表行水) 화해(和解) 공비 지열(止熱) 삼설등치법, 위후세대상한론치법적연구개벽료도로, 인이갱가명확화해적개념(因而更加明確和解的槪念), 병응용지금(幷應用至今). 류완소제창료주화론(劉完素提倡了主火論), 중시료상한론한(重視了傷寒論汗), 토(吐), 하삼법적연구(下三法的硏究), 창립료신량해표법(創立了辛凉解表法), 대후세온병치료적발전대래료흔대영향. 왕호고작위이수학파(王好古作爲易水學派), 운용장부적한열허실이론결합약미효능(運用臟腑的寒熱虛實理論結合藥味效能), 탐색료상한론육경병적치료규율(探索了傷寒論六經病的治療規律), 강조료양명병적익진액적치료원칙(强調了陽明病的益津液的治療原則), 대후세연구상한론치법급여료흔대적계발. 이상대상한론치법연구(以上對傷寒論治法硏究), 불근성위당시임상의학적선도(不僅成爲當時臨床醫學的先導), 이차성위료후세연구상한론치법적기초(而且成爲了後世硏究傷寒論治法的基礎).

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.267-273
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• 1982

Among 12 kinds of ginsenosides in ginseng saponin, ginsenoside-Rb$_1$was contained the most abundantly. But ginsenoside-Rd which is similar to ginsenoside-Rb$_1$in structure, was known to be superior to ginsenoside-Rb$_1$pharmaceutically. In order to convert ginsenoside-Rb$_1$into ginsenoside-Rd by microbial enzyme treatment, a Rhizopus sp. was selected among various strais of molds found in rotten ginseng roots. Enzyme was prepared from the extract of wheat bran koji culture by ammonium sulfate precipitation (1.0 sat'd) and succeeding ammonium sulfate fractionation method (0.6-0.9 sat'd). For the purpose of use as substrate, saponins were purified by the several purification steps from alcohol extract of red ginseng roots. We obtained the total saponin which was composed of 36.5% of ginsenoside Rb$_1$, 12.2% of ginsenoside-Rd and other ginsenosides. For increase of ginsenoside-Rb$_1$ component ratio, we also obtained further purified ginsenoside-Rb group saponin containing 54.5% of ginsenoside-Rb$_1$, 1.1% of ginsenoside- Rd and other ginsenosides from purified the total saponin. In the enzymatic reaction system including the total saponin or the ginsenoside-Rb group saponin, we confirmed the specific conversion of ginsenoside-Rb$_1$to ginsenoside-Rd proportionally and no change of any other ginsenoside patterns by thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.

• Food Industry
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• s.94
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• pp.37-40
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• 1988

1) 본 연구에서 시료로 선정한 충남 서산산 건강(dry ginger)은 수분이 $9.4\%$, 회분이 $8.7\%$ 그리고 alcohol에 의한 추출량이 약 $9\%$이다. 이는 선진국에 채택사용하고 있는 건강의 규격기준에 의하면 양호하다. 2) Non- flavor물질의 추출을 최소화하고 특히 증류과정에서 유효성분 손실을 최소화 할 수 있고, 엑기스내의 용매 잔류량이 인체에 유해하지 않고 추출효율을 높일 수 있는 용매는 ethyl alcohol이다. 3) 널리 사용하고 있는 관류추출(percolation)의 성능을 분석하고 이의 개선방안을제시하였다. - 추출효율을 높이기 위하여 건강(dry ginger)의 입자를 작게하면 압력강하가 증대되어순환되는 용액의 유속을 제어하기가 힘들다. - 입자가 작을 시에는 유체의 흐름이chan-nelling현상을 나타낸다. - 위와 같은 조건에서는 물질 전달속도가 느리므로 추출효율을 증대시킬 수가 없다. - 따라서 percolation추출에 사용되는 건강의 입자크기는 30mesh크기 이상이어야 운전조작이 용이하나 추출효율이 낮으므로, 추출시간 6시간에 회수된 생강엑기스양은 약 $2.5\%$이다. 4) percolation추출의 단점을 보완하기 위하여 기계적교반 추출을 선택하여 다음과 같은 개선점을 찾았다. - 교반형 추출에서는 고 - 액분리시 cake 저항에서 문제가 야기되지 않는 범위까지 건강의 입자를 작게할 수 있으므로 추출효율을 크게 향상시킬 수 있었다. 즉, 작게 분쇄된 건강(30mesh통과$90\%$)을 대상으로 추출시간 3시간에 $7\%$의 회수율로 증대시켰다. 최적 운전조건은 다음과 같다. 건강시료:1kg 시료크기:-30mesh$90\%$ 용매:ethyl alcohol 3$\iota$ 교반속도:900r.p.m 추출온도:상온($15\~25^{\circ}C$) 추출시간:3시간 일차 추출조건과 동일하게 하여 얻어진 엑기스의 수율이 $2\~2.5\%$이므로 총엑기스의 수율은 건강(dry ginger)무게기준으로 $8.5\~9.5\%$이었다. 5) 교반추출의 효율이 개선되었다 하더라도 추출물의 분리가 용이하여야만 공정의 이용이 가능하다. 그러므로 교반추출후 고 - 액분리를 위하여 정압여과 장치를 이용하여 여과시 cake의 평균 비저항을 얻었으며, 이의 값은 $4.31\times10^8cm\;/\;gr$으로서 여과에는 어려움이 없다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 추출속도와 효율이 상대적으로 우수한 교반형 추출기의 가능성을 예시할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 6) 추출물을 농축과정에서 휘발성 oil의 손실을 최대로 줄이기 위해서는 단순증류를 하지 말고 분별증류를 수행하여야 하며, gingerol과 같은 중요성분의 열분해 반응을 억제하기 위해서는 열전달 효율을 증대시켜 증류조작을 원활히 수행하여야 하므로, still내의 농축물을 계속 교반시켜야 하며 감압상태에서 증류온도는 $40\~50^{\circ}C$로 유지시키는 것이 가장 바람직하다. 7) Ethyl alcohol로 추출된 엑기스내의 수분이나 회분함량은 외국산 제품에 비하여 약간 낮고, 반면에 조지방 및 조단백 성분의 함량은 약간 높게 나타나고 있어 대체적으로 본 연구에서 얻어진 엑기스내의 비풍미성분(non- fla-vour component) 함량은 외국산에 비하여 많은 차이가 없다. 8) 수입 외국산에 비하여 국산엑기스(본 연구에서 ethyl alcohol로 추출)내의 무기성분등의 함량은 비교적 낮은 편이다. 9) 건강에서부터 oleoresin을 얻어 paradol을 제거시킨 후 순수한 gingerol을 분리하여 IR과 NMR로 확인한 결과, 국산건강의 엑기스에는 주로 6-gingerol이고 약간의 10-gingerol이 함유된 것으로 나타났다. 10) 순수하게 분리된 gingerol을 열분석(TGA와 DTG)한 결과 약 $75^{\circ}C$에서 gingerol의 열분해 반응이 일어남을 알수 있었다. 11) 건강 분말시료와 엑기스내의 미생물 검사 결과 건강분말에서는 세균수가 많이 존재하는 것으로 나타났으나, 이는 ethyl alcohol로 추출하는 공정 중 대부분의 균들이 사멸된 것으로 나타났다. 12) 관능적 측면에선, 본 연구에서 제조한 엑기스와 수입엑기스를 비교한 결과 생강 특유의 맛은 비슷했으나, 수입엑기스에서는 쓴맛과 톱밥냄새를 느낀다는 결과를 나타내었으며 전체적인 종합적 풍미는 국산 건강엑기스가 좋은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.1501-1514
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• 2008

The face shape extracted by the depth values has different appearance as the most important facial information. The face images decomposed into frequency subband are signified personal features in detail. In this paper, we develop a method for recognizing the range face images by multiple frequency domains for each depth image using the modified fuzzy c-mean algorithm. For the proposed approach, the first step tries to find the nose tip that has a protrusion shape on the face from the extracted face area. And the second step takes into consideration of the orientated frontal posture to normalize. Multiple contour line areas which have a different shape for each person are extracted by the depth threshold values from the reference point, nose tip. And then, the frequency component extracted from the wavelet subband can be adopted as feature information for the authentication problems. The third step of approach concerns the application of eigenface to reduce the dimension. And the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method to improve the classification ability between the similar features is adapted. In the last step, the individual classifiers using the modified fuzzy c-mean method based on the K-NN to initialize the membership degree is explained for extracted coefficient at each resolution level. In the experimental results, using the depth threshold value 60 (DT60) showed the highest recognition rate among the extracted regions, and the proposed classification method achieved 98.3% recognition rate, incase of fuzzy cluster.