• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.166-176
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge and prevention attitudes of female North Korean refugees regarding cervical cancer and human papillomavirus(HPV) infection. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted. Data were collected from November 2015 to March 2016 and 130 female North Korean refugees participated. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Results: Score on knowledge and prevention attitudes regarding cervical cancer and HPV were 2.53 out of 8 points, 1.67 out of 17 points, and 28.90 out of 36 points. There were significant differences between entry duration, the number of children, previous cervical cancer tests, Precognition about HPV, preferred education method, and knowledge of cervical cancer. There were significant differences between previous cervical cancer tests, Precognition about HPV and knowledge of HPV. The correlation between knowledge and prevention attitudes regarding cervical cancer and HPV was significant positive. Conclusion: Female North Korean refugees' knowledge level of cervical cancer and HPV is very low. However, their attitudes towards prevention was higher. These results imply a need for education, aimed at guiding North Korean female refugees, so as to enhance their knowledge regarding cervical cancer and HPV, and to promote their sexual health.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.124-131
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• 2013

South Korea is changing into a multi-cultural society, due to an increase in international marriage, foreign workers and transcultural immigration. In addition, the number of North Korean defectors entering South Korea has increased and now, there are approximately 25000. Therefore, this review have focused on a research that pertains to adaptation and mental health concerns of their children. Children who have immigrated themselves or whose parents have immigrated, might experience language barriers, difficulties in school adjustment, identity confusion and mental health problems. However, their academic performance and developmental status are known to be variable and be affected by socioeconomic status and their parents' educational level. Studies that evaluated the psychological problems of North Korean adolescent refugees' indicated the need for interests in both emotional and behavioral problems. The risk factors of North Korean adolescent refugees' mental health are suggested to be past traumatic experiences, long duration of defection and short period of adaptation. When mental health professionals provide assessment and treatment, they should consider the pre- and post-migration experiences & cultural background that affect the illness behaviors and attitudes toward mental illnesses. Lastly, the majority of children with multi-cultural background are still under an adolescent period and we should follow up with long-term perspectives.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.17-36
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• 2016

Objective: Taking note of the fact that North Korean refugee children experience frequent separation from their mothers and long-term maternal deprivation during their childhood, this study examined the relationship between children's separation experiences and attachment. Methods: A total of 37 children aged from 5 to 9 were assessed on their attachment using the Separation Anxiety Test, and their mothers reported on their child's separation experiences. Results and Conclusion: The major findings of this study were as follows: first, the result of evaluating their attachment pattern showed North Korean refugee children had a high level of insecure attachment with a high tendency for avoidant attachment. This avoidant attachment tendency is probably due to growing up in a repressed emotional environment by frequently experiencing maternal separation in North Korea, China, and even after settling down in South Korea. Second, children's secure attachment level was higher if they did not experience separation from their mother, if their mother had a high level of education in South Korea, or if they lived with a big family.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2021.11a
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• pp.119-123
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• 2021

통계청의 '인구주택총조사' 결과(2019년 11월 1일)를 기준으로 발표한 '2019 지방자치단체 외국인 주민 현황'을 보면, 국내 체류 외국인은 2,216,612명으로 지난해인 2018년 2,054,621명에 비해 161,991명(7.9%) 증가했다. 이러한 결과는 우리나라 전체 인구(51,850,705명) 중 4.3%에 해당하며, 외국인 주민 최초 조사 연도인 2006년 536,627명과 비교했을 때 4배 이상 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있다. 국내 이민자들의 수가 증가함에 따라, 우리가 생각해야 할 점은 그동안 다문화 관련 정책적 환경이 급변하였을 뿐 아니라, 환경적 변화에 맞게 정책의 변화도 지속해서 이루어졌다는 것이다. 또한, 다문화가족의 양적 증가뿐 아니라, 거주 기간도 장기화되면서 초기 적응이라는 정책보다 구체적이고 포괄적인 새로운 정책 요구를 파악할 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 따라서 다문화가정 결혼이주여성들의 창업 의지에 미치는 요인들을 연구하는 것은 향후 다양한 다문화 정책 수립 및 창업, 경제활동 활성화에 있어 큰 의미가 있다. 다문화가정 결혼이주여성에 대한 창업 의지에 영향을 주는 요인에 관한 연구는 학문적으로 중요한 의미를 갖는데, 선행연구는 주로 북한이탈주민 및 다문화 이민자의 문화지능 또는 사회체제 등이 창업 의지에 영향을 미치는지 초점을 두어왔다. 본 연구의 목적은 다문화 이주민의 창업 의지에 관한 기존 선행연구들을 바탕으로 다문화가정 결혼이주여성들의 창업 의지에 영향을 미치는 요인을 실증분석해 보는 데 있는데, 해당 요인들을 파악함으로써 앞으로 다문화가정 결혼이주여성들의 창업 활성화를 위한 정부와 대학의 역할을 논의해 보고자 한다. 다문화가정 결혼이주여성들의 창업 의지에 영향을 미치는 영향은 개인적 특성(기업가정신)인 '진취성', '혁신성', '위험감수성', '기회 인식'과 긍정심리자본 특성인 '자기효능감', '희망', '회복력', '낙관주의' 등을 선정하였다. 해당 요인들을 바탕으로 수도권에 거주 중인 다문화가정 결혼이주여성들에게 설문조사를 진행하였으며, 설문조사 결과로 신뢰성 분석과 요인분석, 다중회귀 분석, 상관관계 분석 등을 통하여 본 연구에서 설계한 가설들을 검증해 보고자 한다.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.201-208
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate reunification perception among groups with different cognitive bias(anchoring bias) through empirical studies. This study assumes that cognitive bias occurs according to the content of N. Korea provided in school education, and that the cognitive bias formed in youth creates a difference in perception of N. Korea and reunification. For empirical study, a survey of reunification awareness conducted by the Institute for Peace an Unification Studies-Seoul National University was used, and the two groups are divided into A-group that chose "anti-communism or security" and B-group that did "reunification interests, multi-culturalism and understanding North Korea" according to N. Korea content which was encountered in school education during adolescence. A-group recognized N. Korea as a hostile target even after becoming an adult, while B-group regarded N. Korea as a one of dialogue and cooperation. This analysis illustrates the existence of cognitive bias between the two groups because of N. Korea content which was given in school education. A-group had a lower percentage than B-group in terms of the benefits of reunification to S. Korea and the need for more dialogue and compromise with N. Korea. However, there was no difference between two groups in terms of acceptance of N. Korean defectors. This research result could be a reference to the direction of school education policies relating to reunification in that early school education affects reunification awareness and perception related with N. Korea even in adulthood.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 2015

This study examined positive and negative marital factors on social adaptation to South Korea among North Korean refugees. In terms of previous studies, family variables play an important role in the adaptation to new society among refugees. We analyzed three major marital factors of marriage background, dyadic adjustment, and marital violence. Marital factors consisted of place of birth, place of marriage, dyadic consensus, dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion, emotional violence, physical violence, and sexual violence. We analyzed the data of 295 North Korean refugees who resided in Seoul, Gyeonggi province and Incheon using snowballing sampling. The result indicated that the refugees married to non-Korean partners (including Korean-Chinese, Chinese, or Russian) are more likely to suffer in social adaptation. Place of marriage (whether the couple got married before escaping, during the escape or after living in South Korea) did not have a significant impact. Dyadic satisfaction was helpful in social adaptation, while sexual violence had a negative effect. The findings of this study suggest alternatives for more successful social adaptation by North Korean refugees to South Korea, a need for more services that target married couples and families rather than individuals, and suggestions for the use of counselors who are also North Korean refugees.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.317-330
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• 2018

Objectives: This study explores the characteristics of family migration for North Korean defectors and classifies family migration by examining who initiated the migration and who followed. Method: We analyzed the family migration using detailed stories from fifty-five North Korean defectors who were interviewed between 2005 and 2011. Results: We found that 43 out of 55 cases were family migration and the remaining 12 cases were single person migration. We also found several characteristics typical of migration. First, family migration followed the process of step migration, which indicated a serial migration in numbers. Second, migration relied heavily on informal social networks. Finally, the process of earlier migration by North Koreans was incidental and unexpected; however, unexpectedness has diminished in recent migration. Looking at who initiated the migration, the most common type was 'mother-initiated' cases (14 cases) followed by 'child-initiated' cases (10 cases). The third most common type was 'mother-child accompanied' cases (7 cases). The migration process was various; however the most common type was when a married woman initiated the family migration process. This is most likely because married women have the responsibility to support families in the informal economy of North Korea. According to the range of family migrated, the most common type was 'nuclear-family only' cases (22 cases) followed by 'maternal extended family migration' cases (12 cases). Conclusions: The findings of this study provide information on the family dynamics of North Korean defectors.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.43-63
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to examine the various contexts affecting life culture through practical reasoning process and to select the goal and contents system of unification education in middle school home economics to form healthy unification community and to develop teaching and learning process. Based on the Unification Education Guidelines, Unification Education Pre-Study, Pre-Study on North Korean Defectors, and Analysis of the 2015 Revision Home Economics Curriculum in Korea, Goal and content system. Based on this, we developed a teaching and learning process and a student activity place applying practical reasoning process after extracting practical problems, and prepared a final development plan based on the results of two expert group evaluations. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the goal of unification education in the middle school home economics class is to 'Based on the social-cultural context, we develop the ability to cultivate healthy reunification by respecting the differences between the cultures of the two Koreas and discovering common values in a unified society and resolving practical issues in a unified society.'. Second, the content system of middle school home economics unification education was selected as the core theme of 'Unification Education Focused on the Living Culture'. The content elements were comprehending the socio - cultural context that affects the life culture of the two Koreas, Related language, maintenance of diversity of dietary culture in each region including North Korean food, social norms and attire, correct housing value and common living etiquette. Based on the goals of unification education in the middle school home school curriculum, we selected practical issues as 'What should we do to create a healthy unified community?'. Third, the teaching and learning process of unification education in junior high school home economics education is to recognize the problem of unification, to analyze the factors affecting the life culture of the two Koreas, to grasp the effect of the action and the ripple effects, to select alternative methods, And 4 subjects for 8 teaching learning course plan, and 35 teaching materials.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.485-498
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• 2019

This study examined the mediating effect of internal locus of control in the relationship between family and friend support and acculturative stress of North Korean adolescent refugees. Participants consisted of 101 North Korean adolescent refugees (40 males and 61 females) aged 13 to 24, who live in Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, and Busan. SPSS 25.0 and Mplus 5.12 were used to analyze data. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated and structural equation modeling (SEM) examined the mediating effect. The results of this study are as follows. First, a higher level of family support and friend support were associated with a higher level of internal locus of control. A higher level of internal locus of control was associated with a lower level of acculturative stress among North Korean adolescent refugees. Second, the level of internal locus of control mediated the relationship between friend support and acculturative stress. This study is meaningful in that it examines the specific paths affecting acculturative stress of North Korean adolescent by examining family and friend support, which are environmental factors, and internal locus of control, which is internal factor of individuals. The study results suggest that improving friend support as well as increasing the level of internal locus of control for North Korean adolescent refugees can be an effective way to prevent or intervene acculturative stress.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.41
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• pp.275-301
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• 2010

Confucius made endless thoughts on such themes as enlightening for the internal value of human, how to draw out such value and how to make personal relationship in order to overcome the chaotic Chun-qiu age. The spirit of 'Harmony but not Sameness' stated by Confucius passes us the theoretical meaning for making a good relationship with the others, which is realization of Benevolence. The spirit of 'Harmony but not Sameness' pursues moral, public and golden-mean value. This pursuit is made to look for harmonization and coexistence in personal relation, community based relation and, furthermore, relation with the nature, so that a great man is an entirely-good person who has realized the spirit of 'Harmony but not Sameness'. The spirit of 'Harmony but not Sameness' throws to us many issues to think of for the social unity, 'living together', which is the central theme of today. The objects for which the 'living together' shall be embodied are the minor groups of our society and those who are relatively expelled from the power and benefit including multi-culture based families, north Korean refugees and etc. Such open mind for harmonization and coexistence gives us, furthermore, another important issue to think of also in the matter of environment that includes the ecosystem and the entire nature.