• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2013

In this paper, we examine the impact of family ownership mechanism on the firm's debt policy. Our results show that family firms tend to have a lower debt level, compared with non-family firms. Foreign investors are found to lead to a reduction in the firm's debt level through their monitoring incentives for dominating large shareholders. The firm's profitablily is related to a lower level of debt, whereas higher tangible assets and firm size are positively associated with high debt ratios due to the possibility of large collateral assets. Some implications are that foreign investors can reduce the agency costs of dominating large shareholders in family firms through monitoring activities, thus enhancing the efficiency of business decision-makings.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.133-144
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• 2017

This study investigates firm-specific financial variables that determine investment or speculative grades from the viewpoint of firms, which are one of the major stakeholders related to the credit rating. We employ an ordered probit model for our analysis with the sample data from 1999 to 2015 for listed firms in the Korean stock markets. For investment grades, operating margin, sales, market-to-book, dividend payment, capital expenditure ratio, and tangible asset ratio have a significantly positive impact on credit ratings. In the subsample for speculative grades, the coefficients of the dividend payment, retained earnings ratio, and capital expenditure ratio are significantly positive while short-term debt ratio and R&D expenditures have a significantly negative impact on credit ratings. For the analysis before and after 2009, when the Credit Information Use and Protection Act was strengthened after the global financial crisis, the coefficients of the capital expenditure ratio, cash ratio, and tangible asset ratio are significantly positive in the subsample for investment grades before 2009, but not significant after 2010. The coefficient of the long-term debt ratio is more significantly negative than that of the short-term debt ratio before 2009, for speculative grades, but short-term debt ratio has a more negative effect on ratings than long-term debt ratio after 2010. Surprisingly, the coefficient of the R&D expenditures is significantly negative in both investment and speculative grades since 2010. Our findings are inconsistent with the conjecture that the increase in R&D expenditures enhances the possibility of creating cash-flow by raising the investment growth opportunity, and thus affects positively the credit rating.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.428-435
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• 2015

When I examined the corporate financing statistics in Korea, I have recognized that there are several trends of them. First, large enterprises use bank loan and direct financing like corporate bond as debt. Second, small and medium companies mainly use bank loan only. So I argue that there is sample selection bias in corporate debt choice and using sample selection methodology is more adequate when analysing the behavior in corporate debt choice. Therefore I have tested panel sample selection model, using the listed korean firm data from 1990 to 2013 and I have found that the panel sample selection model is appropriate.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.77-109
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• 2002

본 연구는 우리나라에서 합병공시에 따른 주주부의 변화를 설명해 주는 요인을 실증적으로 규명하고자 하였다. 구체적으로 1981. 1-2000. 12 기간 동안 합병을 공시한 300개 기업 중 엄격한 표본 선정과정을 거쳐 73개 합병제의 기업과 30개 합병대상 기업을 대상으로 공시전 (-)10일부터 공시후 (+)1일까지의 누적초과수익률 $CAR_{(-10,\;+1)}$을 종속변수로, 합병상대방의 경영성과, 상대적 규모, 합병유형, 해당기업과 상대방 기업의 부채의존도, 주식교환비율, 두 기업간 기존관계, IMF사태 전후기간 구분, 그리고 시황 등을 독립변수로 한 회귀분석을 하였다. 분석결과 합병제의 기업보다는 합병대상 기업의 주주부 변화를 잘 설명해 주는 요인들이 더 많이 발견되었다. 합병제의 기업은 자신의 공시전 부채의존도가 높을수록, 30대 재벌 소속내 기업간 합병에서, 그리고 IMF사태 이후 기간에서 합병공시에 따라 주주부가 더 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 한편 합병대상 기업은 상대방 합병기업의 공시전 경영성과가 양호할수록, 자신의 공시전 부채의존도가 높을수록, 30대 재벌 소속내 기업간, 다각적 합병에서, IMF사태 이후기간에, 그리고 강세시장일 때 주주부가 더 많이 증가한 것으로 확인되었다.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.55-63
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• 2007

This paper has investigated the susceptibility of an FPGA implementation of a block cipher against side channel analysis attacks. We have performed DPA attacks and DEMA attacks (in the nea. and far field) on an FPGA implementation of ARIA which has been implemented into two architectures of S-box. Although the number of needed traces for a successful attack is increased when compared with existing results on smart cards, we have shown that ARIA without countermeasures is indeed very susceptible to side channel analysis attacks regardless of an architecture of S-box.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.65-72
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• 2007

In this paper, we investigate the several different types of higher-order differential side channel analysis (DSCA) attacks. We present that some of exiting higher-order DSCA attacks have some practical problem applying to two masked intermediate values being parallel processed. In order to solve this problem we propose a new higher-order DSCA attack using an efficient and simple preprocessing function. Using the proposed preprocessing function we clearly show that 2nd-order DSCA attacks are still a practical threat fur masked hardware implementations.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.264-272
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• 2019

In this study, the rate of return on investment used as a proxy variable for the entity's value and financial structure (liability ratio) is related to positive balance. This is consistent with the Static Tradeoff Theory (STT) that the entity's value and financial structure are related to a positive balance because the capital expense of a debt (tax-saving effects) that is less than its equity cost before it is in financial difficulty. Also, operating profitability (EBITDA/Sales), investment safety, total asset growth, net working capital and depreciation expenses are related to negative (-) with financial structure (liability ratio). This is the result of an analysis consistent with the Pecking Order Theory (POT). Fuel costs, borrowing, total asset turnover, financial costs, and tangible asset ratios have a significant positive relationship with the debt ratio. This is consistent with the agency theory and confirms that excessive chartering expenses, such as the bankrupt H company, are the main factors that pressure the financial structure of Korean ocean carriers.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.45-57
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• 2007

The causes of indebted overspending were investigated by examining household expenditure patterns using the data from the 2002 Family Expenditure Survey. The five major expenditure categories were identified by factor analysis, and the six types of indebted overspending were clustered. About 28% of the indebted overspending was done out of necessity, and food, utilities, housing, and health care accounted for about 42% of the household expenditure. Luxury spending accounted for about 25% of the overspending by indebted households who spent about 24% of the household expenditure on clothing, entertainment, and private education. Cars (22%) and education (20%) were found to be other major causes of indebted overspending. Paying off debt and durable purchases were identified as the major causes of indebted overspending, but had a low frequency. Finally, the financial status of the four major types of indebted overspending households was evaluated.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.65-77
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• 2000

This study investigated the effect of socio-demographic variables and the ownership of asset and the other types of debts on the use of a specific type of household debt. Household debts were categorized into six types according to borrowing sources: debts from banks, other financial institutes, employers, private sources, Gye, and retailers. The 1996 Korean Household Panel Study were analyzed using logistic model. It was found that socio-demographic factors influenced differently on the probabilities of debt holdings according to the types of debt. There were interrelationships among the ownerships of a specific type of debt and other types of debt and asset.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.275-284
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• 2021

Survival analysis was used to analyze whether there is a difference in the effect of leverage on corporate failure according to the firm size. A total of 25,250 (year-company) companies listed on the Korea Stock Exchange and KOSDAQ market from 1999 to 2019 were analyzed. First, the increase in leverage generally acts as a factor that increases the possibility of corporate failure. On the other hand, the increase in the trade payable ratio lowered the possibility of failure of the company. The increase in corporate trade payable was perceived as a factor in reducing the possibility of corporate failure because it was considered the active development of business activities or active use of interest-free debt rather than leading to an increase in corporate risk. Second, a higher leverage ratio and trade payable ratio in large firms lowered the possibility of corporate failure. In the SMEs, all types of leverage increases are a factor that increases corporate failure. Overall, the effect of leverage on corporate failure differs according to the size of the company.