• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.139-147
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• 2023

As heavy precipitation rates have increased due to climate change, the risk of landslides has also become greater. Studies in the field of disaster risk assessment predominantly focus on evaluating intrinsic importance represented by the use or role of facilities. This work, however, focused on evaluating risks according to the external conditions of facilities, which were presented via debris flow simulation. A random walk model (RWM) was partially improved and used for the debris flow simulation. The existing RWM algorithm contained the problem of the simulation results being overly concentrated on the maximum slope line. To improve the model, the center cell height was adjusted and the inertia application method was modified. Facility information was collected from a digital topographic map layer. The risk level of each object was evaluated by combining the simulation result and the digital topographic map layer. A risk assessment technique suitable for the polygon and polyline layers was applied, respectively. Finally, by combining the evaluated risk with the attribute table of the layer, a system was prepared that could create a list of objects expected to be damaged, derive various statistics, and express the risk of each facility on a map. In short, we used an easy-to-understand simulation algorithm and proposed a technique to express detailed risk information on a map. This work will aid in the user-friendly development of a debris flow risk assessment system.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.977-987
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• 2013

This study aims to develop a multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) approach for flood vulnerability assessment which considers uncertainty. The flood vulnerability assessment procedure consists of three steps: (1) use the Delphi process to determine the criteria and their corresponding weights-the adopted criteria represent the social, economic, and environmental circumstances related to floods, (2) construct a fuzzy data matrix for the flood vulnerability criteria using fuzzification and standardization, and (3) set priorities based on the number of assessed vulnerabilities. This study uses a modified fuzzy TOPSIS method based on ${\alpha}$-level sets which considers various uncertainties related to weight derivation and crisp data aggregation. Further, Spearman's rank correlation analysis is used to compare the rankings obtained using the proposed method with those obtained using fuzzy TOPSIS with fuzzy data, TOPSIS, and WSM methods with crisp data. The fuzzy TOPSIS method based on ${\alpha}$-cut level sets is found to have a higher correlation rate than the other methods, and thus, it can reduce the difference of the rankings which uses crisp and fuzzy data. Thus, the proposed flood vulnerability assessment method can effectively support flood management policies.

• Annual Conference of KIPS
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.882-884
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• 2008

통상 하드웨어 캐시의 크기보다 수십에서 수백배 큰 크기의 데이타를 랜덤하게 접근하는 경우 낮은 메모리 접근 지역성(locality)에 기인하여 캐시 메모리 성능이 급격히 저하되는 문제를 야기한다. 예를 들면, 현재 보편적으로 사용되고 있는 차량용 General Positioning System (GPS) 프로그램의 경우 최대 32개의 위성으로부터 데이터를 받아 수신단의 위치를 계산하는 부분이 핵심 모듈중의 하나 이며, 이는 전체 성능의 50% 이상을 차지한다. 이러한 모듈에서는 위성 신호를 실시간으로 받아 버퍼 메모리에 저장하며, 이때 필요한 데이터가 순차적으로 저장되지 못하기 때문에 랜덤하게 데이터를 읽어 사용하게 된다. 결과적으로 낮은 지역성에 기인하여 실시간 (realtime)안에 데이터 처리를 하기 어려운 문제에 직면하게 된다. 통상의 통신 응용의 알고리즘 상에 내재된(inherited) 낮은 메모리 접근 지역성을 개선하는 것은 알고리즘 상에서의 접근을 요구한다. 이는 높은 비용이 필요함으로 본 연구에서는 사용되는 데이터 구조를 변환하여 지역성을 높이는 방향으로 접근하였다. 결과적으로 핵심 모듈에서 2배, 전체 시스템 성능에서 14%를 개선할 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
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• 2002.05c
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• pp.501-506
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• 2002

사람은 누구나 잭이나 문서를 읽을 때 중요한 부분에 강조, 해설, 설명을 하기 위해서 표시를 하거나 글을 입력한다. 이와 같이 원본문서에 추가되는 부가 정보를 Annotation이라고 한다[6][7]. Annotation을 이용하면 차후에 원본문서를 재창조하거나 다른 사람이 원본문서를 참조할 경우 과중한 정보의 양을 극복할 수 있으므로[4], 원본문서의 이해도를 향상시킬 수 있다. 따라서, Annotation은 한번 사용하고 그치는 정보가 아닌 재사용할 수 있는 점보임을 의미한다[1,2,3]. 이러한 Annotation 기능을 웹 문서에 적용하게 되면 종이문서에서 얻을 수 있는 장점뿐만 아니라 웹 환경의 특징인 공유[5], 검색[4], 재편집 등의 기능이 가능하다. 이와 관련한 많은 연구가 진행중에 있다. 그러나, 기존의 Annotation 연구는 Anchor 입력된 다수의 Annotation이 무의미한 출력 순서로 제공되고 있으며, 또한 Anchor에 입력된 Annotation의 출력으로 인해 문서 구조가 변경되거나, 가려지는 등의 문제점으로 사용자들이 쉽게 사용 및 이해할 수 있는 Annotation 출력 인터페이스에 대한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 Anchor에 입력된 다수의 Annotation들 간의 의미적 순서를 부여하여 보다 적절한 Annotation에 대한 우선 접근이 가능하도록 계층적인 Annotation 우선처리 기법을 제안하고, Annotation 출력으로 인한 문서 변경 문제를 해결하기 위한 유동적인 Annotation 표현 기법을 제안한다. 또한 Annotation이 문서에 부가된 부가정보의 역할을 뿐만 아니라, 다양한 활용이 가능하도록 XML 표준에 기반한 저장 구조를 지원하며, 원본문서와 분리하여 저장한다.속도를 개선시켰고, 국소적인 변형이 있는 패턴과 특징의 수가 다른 패턴의 경우에도 좋은 인식률을 얻었다.r interferon alfa concentrated solution can be established according to the monograph of EP suggesting the revision of Minimum requirements for biological productss of e-procurement, e-placement, e-payment are also investigated.. monocytogenes, E. coli 및 S. enteritidis에 대한 키토산의 최소저해농도는 각각 0.1461 mg/mL, 0.2419 mg/mL, 0.0980 mg/mL 및 0.0490 mg/mL로 측정되었다. 또한 2%(v/v) 초산 자체의 최소저해농도를 측정한 결과, B. cereus, L. mosocytogenes, E. eoli에 대해서는 control과 비교시 유의적인 항균효과는 나타나지 않았다. 반면에 S. enteritidis의 경우는 배양시간 4시간까지는 항균활성을 나타내었지만, 8시간 이후부터는 S. enteritidis의 성장이 control 보다 높아져 배양시간 20시간에서는 control 보다 약 2배 이상 균주의 성장을 촉진시켰다.차에 따른 개별화 학습을 가능하게 할 뿐만 아니라 능동적인 참여를 유도하여 학습효율을 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.향은 패션마케팅의 정의와 적용범위를 축소시킬 수 있는 위험을 내재한 것으로 보여진다. 그런가 하면, 많이 다루어진 주제라 할지라도 개념이나 용어가 통일되지 않고 사용되며 검증되어 통용되는 측정도구의 부재로 인하여 연구결과의 축적이 미비한 상태이다. 따라서, 이에 대한 재고와 새로운 방향

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.303-329
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• 2012

This study measures the efficiency of public libraries, library services, and management to contribute to the proposed model for efficiency analysis, reflecting the characteristics in public libraries. This analysis model of applying the empirical research pursues the solutions to provide efficiency. Although many attempts have been made domestically and internationally to study the measurement of the efficiency, mere application of analysis techniques used in the other public sectors has led to the inadequate measurement for characteristics of library services. In addition, there has not been any attempt made to deduce a general theory for the study from the measurement results. In this study, an analysis model that reflects the inherent characteristics in library services is suggested to be analyzed empirically, and this leads to the understanding of efficiency factors. The results of the study show that the efficiency of current public libraries can be increased on the basis of input and output. Therefore the commitment to increase the level of output to meet the current need shall continue by the amount, rather than by the commitment to reduce the level of input. Finally, the factors influencing the efficiency are the number of users, the physical environment, professional staffs, events planning, and electronic resources. After analyzing the five factors via multiple regression analysis, three factors such as the number of users, professional staff and events planning proved causal relationship with the efficiency.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1187-1199
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• 2012

A hybrid forecasting scheme based on wavelet decomposition coupled to a support vector machine model is presented for water demand series that exhibit nonlinear behavior. The use of wavelet transform followed by the SVM model of each leading component is explored as a model for water demand data. The proposed forecasting model yields better results than a traditional ARIMA time series forecasting model in terms of self-prediction problem as well as reproducing the properties of the observed water demand data by making use of the advantages of wavelet transform and SVM model. The proposed model can be used to substantially and significantly improve the water demand forecasting and utilized in a real operation.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.443-449
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• 2004

Methods for mixing variable types of steel fibers have been developed recently to suppress outbreak of crack or to control the width of crack and improve the load resistible capacity at the same time. On the other hand, uncertainty by complex nature of destruction dynamics of steel fiber reinforced concrete(SFRC) is included. In this study, analysis of reliance considering uncertainty of SFRC beam is done. For this, intensity limit state model was proposed. Moreover, characteristic values about almost every kinds of probability variables were collected and presented according to home and foreign references. Process of improving uncertainty from the result of experiments by Bayseian updating method is also proposed on the purpose of offering better statistical characteristic values with more data in the new future. Fatigue fracture probability equation is proposed and needed statistical characteristic values were presented to analyze fatigue reliance

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.453-462
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• 2005

Recently, due to technical improvements of storage devices and networks, the amount of data increase rapidly. In addition, it is required to find the knowledge embedded in a data stream as fast as possible. Huge data in a data stream are created continuously and changed fast. Various algorithms for finding frequent itemsets in a data stream are actively proposed. Current researches do not offer appropriate method to find frequent itemsets in which flow of time is reflected but provide only frequent items using total aggregation values. In this paper we proposes a novel algorithm for finding the relative frequent itemsets according to the time in a data stream. We also propose the method to save frequent items and sub-frequent items in order to take limited memory into account and the method to update time variant frequent items. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed through a series of experiments. The proposed method can search both frequent itemsets and relative frequent itemsets only using the action patterns of the students at each time slot. Thus, our method can enhance the effectiveness of learning and make the best plan for individual learning.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.293-302
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• 2014

This study was carried out to develop rain shelter which can make an appropriate size and environment for Chinese cabbage rainproof cultivation. Fifty three farms with chinese cabbage rainproof cultivation system have been investigated to set up width and height of rain shelter. Mostly the width of 6m was desired for rain shelter and the height of 1.6m for their eaves, so these values were chosen as the dimensions for rain shelter. After an analysis of their structural safety and installation costs by the specifications of the rafter pipe, Ø$25.4{\times}1.5t$ and 90cm have been set as the size of rafter that such size costs the least. This size is stable with $27m{\cdot}s^{-1}$ of wind velocity and 17cm of snow depth. Therefore it is difficult to apply this dimension to area with higher climate load. In order to sort out such problem, the rain shelter has been designed to avoid damage on frame by opening plastic film to the ridge. Once greenhouse band is loosen by turning the manual switch at the both sides of rain shelter and open button of controller is pushed then switch motor rises up along the guide pipe and plastic film is opened to the ridge. Chinese cabbage can be damaged by insects if rain shelter is opened completely as revealed a field. To prevent this, farmers can install an insect-proof net. Further, the greenhouse can be damaged by typhoon while growing Chinese cabbage therefore the effect of an insect-proof net on structural safety has been analyzed. And then structural safety has been analyzed through using flow-structure interaction method at the wind condition of $40m{\cdot}s^{-1}$. And it assumed that wind applied perpendicular to side of the rain shelter which was covered by insect-proof net. The results indicated that plastic film was directly affected by wind therefore high pressure occurred on the surface. But wind load on insect-proof net was smaller than on plastic film and pressure distribution was also uniform. The results of structural analysis by applying pressure data extracted from flow analysis indicated that the maximum stress occurred at the end of pipe which is the ground part and the value has been 54.6MPa. The allowable stress of pipe in the standard of structural safety must be 215 MPa or more therefore structural safety of this rain shelter is satisfied.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.177-187
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• 1999

Up to date, in many application fields of GSIS, we usually have used vector-based spatial overlay or grid-based spatial algebra for extraction and analysis of spatial data. But, because these methods are based on traditional crisp set, concept which is used these methods. shows that many kinds of spatial data are partitioned with sharp boundary. That is not agree with spatial distribution pattern of data in the real world. Therefore, it has a error that a region or object is restricted within only one attribution (One-Entity-one-value). In this study, for improving previous methods that deal with spatial data based on crisp set, we are suggested to apply into spatial overlay process the concept of fuzzy set which is good for expressing the boundary vagueness or ambiguity of spatial data. two methods be given. First method is a fuzzy interval partition by fuzzy subsets in case of spatially continuous data, and second method is fuzzy boundary set applied on categorical data. with a case study to get a land suitability map for the development site selection of new town, we compared results between Boolean analysis method and fuzzy spatial overlay method. And as a result, we could find out that suitability map using fuzzy spatial overlay method provide more reasonable information about development site of new town, and is more adequate type in the aspect of presentation.