• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.117-127
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• 1991

The exposure level of chromium and nickel for chrome and nickel plating workers were evaluated. Chromium and nickel concentrations in serum from 82 exposed workers and 66 controls, who were not exposed occupationally to metals, were analyzed by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results were as follows : 1. The recovery percent of chromium and nickel concentrations in personal air samples were 95-108.2%, 88.0-107.7%, precisions (C.V., %) were 2.7-3.1%, 2.1-4.4%. respectively. 2. The recovery percent of chromium and nickel concentrations in serum were 93.6-106.4%, 91.3-107.9% and precisions (C.V. %) were 1.1-7.6%, 2.4-5.4% respectively. 3. The exposure level of chromium and nickel concentrations in the place of preparation process were $2.0{\pm}2.00{\mu}g/m^3$, chromplating were $35.7{\pm}53.07{\mu}g/m^3$, $2.8{\pm}3.42{\mu}g/m^3$, nickelplating were $4.6.0{\pm}5.8{\mu}g/m^3$, $18.62{\pm}4.41{\mu}g/m^3$, and covering were $2.9{\pm}2.02{\mu}g/m^3$, $1.1{\pm}0.47{\mu}g/m^3$ respectively. There were significant difference of concentrations for chromium and nickel in workplaces by groups statistically. 4. Chromium concentrations in serum of exposed group and control were $0.68{\pm}0.399{\mu}g/l$, $1.41{\pm}0.748{\mu}g/l$, respectively. There were significant difference of concentrations for chromium and nickel in serum by groups statistically. 5. Chromium and nickel concentrations in serum of exposed group were not significant by workplaces.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.71-85
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate concentrations of organic solvent mixtures in air of rotogravure printing workplaces. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic solvents contained in the gravure inks used at rotogravure factories had been done. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The gravure inks mainly consist of toluene, methyl ethyl ketone(MEK), and ethyl acetate(EA), and traces of isopropyl alcohol(IPA), xylene, 2-butanol, cyclohexane, cellosolve etc were also contained in them. 2. Thinner used as a diluent consist of toluene, MEK, and EA. 3. Geometric mean concentration of toluene in ambient air were 23.81 ppm at gravure printing of packing material, 42.10 ppm at gravure printing of wallpaper, 16.95 ppm at gravure printing of plastic bottle for beverage and 4.31 ppm at gravure printing of plywood printing or floor covering. Concentrations of toluene in ambient air showed statistically significant difference between types of printing. 4. Concentrations of MEK in ambient air were 12.43 ppm at gravure printing of packing material, 5.47 ppm at gravure printing of wallpaper, 16.78 ppm at gravure printing of plastic bottle for beverage and 16.44 ppm at gravure printing of plywood printing or floor covering. MEK concentrations in ambient air showed no significant difference. 5. Conentrations of EA were 14.30 ppm at gravure printing of packing material, 1.92 ppm at gravure printing of wallpaper and 21.12 ppm at gravure printing of plywood printing or floor covering. EA concentrations in ambient air shown significant difference. 6. Percentage of the workplaces where the ambient air concentration of organic solvent mixtures exceeded the Korean Permissble Exposure Level(KPEL) amounted to 18.03%. 7. Toluene concentrations in ambient air of rotogravure printing workplaces ranged from 0.69 to 156.02 ppm and urinary hippuric acid excretion ranged from 0.10 to $1.32g/{\ell}$.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.270-279
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• 2009

In order to check a necessity of health control for the laborers who are in use of mixed organic solvents in the printing industries, this study evaluated the use status of mixed organic solvents, health subjective symptoms on the exposure of the solvents, health hazard for each kind of printings for the employees who work for the printing industries located in Seoul and Gyeonggi. The study analyzed 228 sites and 311 people responded of the total 250 sites surveyed from March to September 2007, and obtained the following results; 1) Estimating the exposure of the mixed organic solvents, the study found that estimation of mixture(EM) was different for each kind of printings at a level of significance, excessiveness of EM was 7.5%, the highest, for gravure printing, 5.6% for screen printing, 4.7% for master printing, 2.9% for offset printing. 2) As to the mean scores of health subjective symptoms for each kind of printings, workers in screen printing showed high scores in every subjective symptom, of which symptom of central nervous system was 3.75, the highest, and the difference was statistically at a level of significance(p<0.01). 3) Results of the hazard analysis for carcinogens and non-carcinogens contained in the mixed organic solvents exposed to the workers showed that cancer risk of offset printing workers was $7.8{\times}10^{-9}$ for benzene, the mean cancer risk was $2.02.{\times}10^{-8}$ from Monte-Carlo simulation, and both risks did not exceed the US EPA permissible standard of $1{\times}10^{-6}$. The total hazard indices of the non-carcinogens estimated was 3.523, the highest, for gravure printing, 2.381 for master printing, 1.125 for screen printing, respectively, and all exceeded 1.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.156-172
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• 1999

Potential chemical hazards encountered in painting operation of four shipyards and a ship-repair shop were investigated through the material safety data sheets (MSDS). Material safety data sheets (MSDS) for 307 paints, 50 thinners and 34 binders were collected and reviewed. It was shown that various organic solvents such as aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, glycols, glycol ether acetates and esters were contained in painting materials. Of these solvents, xylene was found in the largest number of painting materials. sixty percent of the thinners contained xylene in the contents of 20-100%. Other most frequently found solvents were 1-methoxypropanol, 1-methoxypropyl acetate, n-butanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, isopropanol, and n-butyl acetate, etc. Glycol ethers such as 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME), 2-methoxyethyl acetate (2-MEA), 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE), 2-ethoxyethyl acetate (2-EEA) and 2-butoxyethanol (2-BA) were regarded as having the potential to cause adverse reproductive effects, embryotoxic effect and hematotoxic effects, and were found in some epoxy panting materials. Coal tar pitch was included in some paints(13%) where polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) could be contaminated. Inorganic pigments such as lead chromate and zinc potassium chromate were found in some paints (8%). The epoxy resin based paints, which may contain isocyanates such as toluene diisocyanates and hexamethylene diisocyanates causing potential sensitization and asthma to upper respiratory organ, were mostly used in the shipyards. The constituents in the MSDS were significantly different from the results analyzed using gas chromatography/mass detector: minor constituents or impurities were omitted in many MSDS. In conclusion, xylene was the most frequent organic solvent in painting materials, and glycol ethers, including 2-ME, 2-MEA, 2-EE, 2-EEA and 2-BA, were found some products. Also, painting workers may be exposed to PAHs, lead, chromate, isocyanates, organic tin and other various chemicals. The compositions of chemicals in painting materials were variable significantly, and the hazards were changed. These facts should be considered in environmental monitoring and control of the hazards.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.265-275
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• 2012

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution patterns and exposure concentrations of biological hazards in waste handling industries. Methods: We selected 3 recyclable waste sorting plants(RWS), 2 food recycling plants(FR), 1 landfill area(LA) and 1 waste incineration plant(WI). Total airborne bacteria and fungi were measured with single stage impactor and gelatin filters. Endotoxin and glucan were measured with polycarbonate filters in total and respirable dust. Results: The geometric mean of airborne bacterial concentration was the highest in FR($3,273CFU/m^3$), followed by LA, RWS, and WI as 1,334, 934, and $860CFU/m^3$. The fungal concentrations were 6,031, 5,052, 3,307, and $713CFU/m^3$ in RWS, WI, FR, and LA, respectively. By process, WI pit showed the highest concentrations of bacteria, fungi, and endotoxin, followed by inside of bulldozer in LA. The indoor to outdoor ratios of bacteria, fungi, endotoxin and glucan were 2.3, 4.0, 2.3, and 5.0 in RWS, 29.5, 4.9, 7.6, and 5.0 in FR, 5.3, 8.7, 26.8, and 9.5 in WI, respectively. Conclusions: We found that biological hazards, specifically bacteria in FR, fungi in RWS and endotoxin in WI pit and bulldozer at LA, should be controlled to prevent worker's respiratory diseases.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.194-201
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to assess the exposure level to dust and airborne microorganisms among employed workers in a clothing shopping center. Materials and Methods: On-site investigation of a clothing shopping center was performed between October and November 2012. The hazardous substances measured in this study are particulate matter(Total dust, respirable dust) and airborne microorganisms (Total airborne bacteria, total airborne fungi). Results: The highest geometric mean levels of particulate matter(total dust, respirable dust) for personal sampling were $1.735(SD:0.883)mg/m^3$ for total dust and $0.0711(SD:0.008)mg/m^3$ for respirable dust, respectively. Those for area sampling were $0.625(SD:0.091)mg/m^3$ for total dust and $0.0718(SD:0.012)mg/m^3$ for respirable dust, respectively. The highest geometric averaged concentrations of airborne microorganisms(Total airborne bacteria, total airborne fungi) were detected at $1,181(SD:105)cfu/m^3$ for total airborne bacteria and $683(SD:114)cfu/m^3$ for total airborne fungi, respectively. Concentrations of particulate matters and airborne microorganism in clothes shopping center did not correlate significantly with environmental factors such as temperature or relative humidity. Conclusions: Exposure levelshave not been established for service workers. Thus, health risk assessment for this group is very difficult. Health guidelines for service workers should be established as soon as possible.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.211-221
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify work-related risk factors associated with upper extremity symptoms among construction workers using the fourth Korean Working Condition Survey(KWCS). Methods: Subjects were 2,724 construction workers selected from 50,007 respondents in the 2014 KWCS. The presence or absence of upper extremity symptoms and work-related risk factors, including individual, physical, and psychosocial factors, were used as variables. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed in order to evaluate the relationship of the upper extremity symptoms with work-related risk factors. Results: Upper extremity symptoms were significantly associated with: employment type(OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.18~2.09); job satisfaction(OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.33~3.18); verbal abuse(OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.33~3.18); tiring or painful posture(OR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.73~3.15); carrying or moving heavy loads(OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.23~2.24); repetitive hand or arm movement(OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.06~1.91) Conclusions: In order to prevent the upper extremity musculoskeletal disease in the construction industry, it is necessary to stabilize employment, enhance job satisfaction, and eliminate violence in the workplace and improve physical work environment.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.500-507
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to categorize farm types and analyze the cultivated area and labor input time for each crop over a year in order to decide farm type conducting for the hazard exposure assessment. Methods: Crops ranked within the top 45 by cultivated area in Korea were selected and 15 target crops that exposure assessment had been conducted for through the Rural Development Administration(RDA) pilot research projects were selected. Labor input time was based on data investigated through RDA research surveillance. If there was no data, data from Statistics Korea was used. Data from Statistics Korea was used for total cultivated area. Results: Crops were divided into 5 types: open field crops(Chinese cabbage, Corn, Ginger, Potato), fruits (Mandarin, Pear), green house crops(Cucumber, Lily, Oriental melon, Pumpkin, Tomato), livestock(Poultry), specialty crops(Ginseng, Oyster mushroom, Tobacco). The cultivated area for potato was the largest, and lily was the smallest among the crops. Labor input time over a year was the highest with oyster mushroom and the lowest with pear. Total labor input time by crops was the highest with mandarin and the lowest with Chinese cabbage. Conclusions: To evaluate hazard factors of farm work, it's essential that crops and tasks be classified based on the size of farmers and working hours by farm type. Therefore, the priority of management should be determined based on the cultivated area and total labor time, but the characteristics of tasks in each crop should also be considered.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.316-321
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• 2005

4개 업종(축전지제조업, 광명단 제조업, 2차 제련업, 라디에타 제조업)에서 근무하는 총 100명의 근로자를 대상으로 8단계다단충돌기(eight stages personal cascade imparter)에 의한 입자 크기 별 납농도를 측정하였다 크기 별 납 농도는 총납(PbA), 흡입성납(IPM-PbA), 흉곽성납(TPM-PbA), 호흡성납(RPM-PbA), $1{\mu}m$ 미만의 납$(Pb_{1\mu})$ 그리고 $1{\mu}m$ 이상의 소화성납$(Pb_{ing})$이었다. 동일한 근로자(100명)를 대상으로 혈액에서 납농도를 측정하였다. 혈액 중 납은 원자흡광광도계(atomic absorption spectrometry)의 Zeeman effect graphite furnace를 이용하여 분석하였다. 총 납의 노출농도는 노출기준$(50\;ug/m^3)$을 크게 초과하였다. 평균 호흡성 납 노출농도$(115.7\;ug/m^3)$ 총 납의 노출기준을 훨씬 초과하였다. $1{\mu}m$미만의 납$(Pb_{1\mu})$ 노출농도의 범위는 0.7에서 $(492.2\;ug/m^3)$이나 되었다. 근로자의 $46\%$가 혈액 중 납 농도 40 ug/dL을 초과하였다. 60 ug/dL을 초과한 경우도 $13\%$나 되었다. 입자 크기가 큰 납인 총납, 흡입성 납 그리고 호흡성 납 농도는 혈액 중 납 농도와 유의한 상관을 보였다(p<0.0001). 그러나 가장 높은 상관은 $1{\mu}m$미만의 납$(Pb_{1\mu})$ 혈액 중 납과의 관계였다. T-test에서 $50ug/m^3$이상의 호흡성 납을 나타낸 근로자 그룹과 $50ug/m^3$ 이하의 근로자 그룹간에의 혈액 중 납 농도는 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p=0.000). 이러한 연구결과는 입자크기 구분이 없는 현재의 총납에 의한 노출기준과 측정방법은 미세 납 먼지에 노출되는 근로자의 납흡수를 보호하는데 한계점이 있다는 것을 의미한다. 향후 납 입자크기는 물론 근로자의 개인적인 위생과 작업내용 등을 변수로 납 흡수에 영향을 미치는 종합적인 요인을 찾아내는 연구를 진행할 필요가 있다.

• 대한치위생과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2020

Background: The program aims to enable the participants to receive oral health care with sustainability and give them the choice and prior autonomy of dental practitioners while enhancing the benefits of sustainability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the necessity, awareness, and satisfaction of the implementation of the registered dentist program for children and adolescents, and to promote the introduction of RDPCA. Methods: The survey targeted adult residents in their 20s or older who live in Seoul, an area that continuously implements the RDPCA system, especially in the cities of Cheonan and Asan Results: 79.7% were the most unaware. However, RDPCA participants were significantly more aware than non-participants. When surveying the desire to participate in RDPCA, 96.6% of the respondents said they would 'participate' in the non-RDPCA participate group. The analysis of the satisfaction level of the RDPCA received by their children indicated that 48.6% expressed their satisfaction, and 47.3% said they were healthy. There was a high percentage of people who said they would recommend RDPCA to others as well as a high rate of those who said they would continue to use RDPCA. Conclusions: The reality is that the awareness and implementation of RDPCA are low. For the development of oral health care programs for all children and adolescents in Korea, and the improvement of the satisfaction level of the dental care system, there should be an active consideration of high-quality programs and.