• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.35-40
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• 2024

This study examines the classification and typical characteristics of 148 owner shop houses existing in the historical city center of Cheongju. First, they can be classified into single-story, middle-story, and divided types according to the distribution of residential and commercial functions. The single-story(36) has 'ㅡ', 'ㄱ', and 'narrow and deep'-shaped arrangement, with stores on the front and houses on the rear. The middle-story second floor(89) is divided into a first-story store and a second-story house, and the third floor(23) has different functions for each floor, but more than half of them have houses on the second and third floors. Among the total, there are also 16 cases in which the division type is taken with different construction times and structures. Second, in the position of the stairs connected to the upper floor among the middle-floor types(112), the outer stair type(52) to separate from the living space while making the most of the stores on the first floor accounts for 47%, but the biggest feature is that the inner staircase type(34) with privacy reaches 30%. The rear stair room type(26) entering through alleyways or private yards is also 23%. Third, the front pillar spacing varies from 1bay to 4bay in appearance, but the 2bay type on the 2nd floor and the 1bay type on the 3rd floor occupy the largest proportion. This exterior type is a characteristic of a owner shop house that can measure the range of personal ownership. Despite the conflicting functions of stores and houses, 35~40% of the cases are in which the opening positions of the upper and lower floors are unified.

• Korean Architects
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• no.5 s.146
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• pp.100-101
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• 1981

• KHousing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.14-17
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• 2014

• KHousing
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• v.6
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• pp.28-37
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• 2008

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2010

This research surveys actual conditions in order to examine the lighting environments of the elderly's residential 50 households. The results is as following. First, The elderly indicated that they felt the living room and the kitchen are usual degree, dark only in bedrooms and rest rooms of brightness. And about satisfactory degree of residential illumination is being above of usual Satisfaction. Second, Problems of lighting environments of elderly's houses were brightness and management, when lighting environmental reconstruct, considered brightness and equipment superannuation, and they want the focus on brightness in the reconstruction. Third. Operating method of lighting was used almost overall lighting in bedroom and bathroom, overall lighting and part lighting are used together in kitchens. The living room has a lot of cases which uses only a general illumination, but the cases which overall lighting and part lighting are used together has occupied 40[%]. Fourth, An average Illuminance of the bedroom is 104.17[lx], an average unifonnity ratio is 60.22[%]. The livingroom's average is 116.15[lx], 51.48[%]. The sink's average is 236.40[lx], the table average is 160.73[lx] in the kitchen. The washstand's average is 109.81[lx], the chamber's average pot is 74.33[lx] in the bathroom. These results are generally darker than the standard.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.99-99
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• 2006

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.919-922
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• 2008

This paper reports the physical and shrinkage properties of concrete using expansive additive(E) and three shrinkage reducing admixtures(SRA1, 2, 3) in order to reduce shrinkage of concrete. For the properties of fresh concrete, the use of SRA1, 2, 3 results in a increase in fluidity and decrease in the dosage of super plasticizer as much as 0.05$\sim$0.1%. And For the properties of hardened concrete, the use of SRA1, 2, 3 results in a decrease in compressive, tensile and flexural strength slightly. For drying shrinkage properties, the use of SRA3 is the most effective for reduction of shrinkage, and the next best way to reduce shrinkage is combination with expansive additive(E) and shrinkage reducing admixture(SRA) or the using of expansive additive(E).

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 2000

Purpose : Tumor hypoxia can be overcome with hypoxic cytotoxin. In mouse tumor, tirapazamine's efficacy of the potentiating radiation effect was tested by the tumor oxygenation status combined with hype facti on ated rad iotherapy .:The control and hypoxic mouse tumors we established by inoculation of RIF-1 tumor cells into the normal or previously irradiated back and thigh of C3H mice. When the tumors reached a proper size, both the control and hypoxic tumors were given hypefractionated treatments (8fractions/4 days) with saline (0.02 ml/g), tirapazamin (0.08 mM/0.02 ml/kg), irradiation (2.5 Gy), irradiation combined with tirapazamine given 30 minutes prior to each irradiation. The response was evaluated by the growth delay assay by measuring tumor size from day 0 (12 hrs prior to the first fractionation) to the day when the volume had 4-fold increase or cross sectional area had 2-fold increase. Results : Overall growth pattern showed that tirapazamine Potentiated radiation effect in back and thigh tumors grew in the normal and preirradiated tumor bed. With growth delay assay using reference point of initial tumor volume or cross sectional area, tirapazamine potentiated radiation effect 1.9 times for the control and 2.4 times for the hypoxic tumors in back, and 1.85 times for the control and 1.6 times for the hypoxic tumors. With reference of 4-fold increase of the initial volume or 2-fold increase of the cross sectional area, tirapazamine potentiated radiation effect 1.48 times for the control and 2.02 times for the hypxic tumors in back, and 1.85 times for the control and 1.6 times for the hypoxic tumors. Conclusions : Present result indicated that radiation response of hypoxic tumors was potentiated by tirapazamine in the back or thigh tumors grew in the control or preirradiated tumor bed, and potentiation of the hypoxic tumors was eDual to or greater than that of the control tumors in the back or thigh.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.883-887
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• 2004

현재 전국적으로 $\blacktriangle$ 전기, 가스, 상수도, 하수도, 열수송관 등을 공동 수용하는 '지하공동구'가 14개 도시 30개소에 160.4km $\blacktriangle$ 보행공간으로 병용되는 '지하도로'가 23개도시 118개소에 63만 $m^2$ $\blacktriangle$ 지하도로내 설치된 지하점포가 1만1천798개소 23만$m^2$이 있다. 이와 같이 현대 도시내에서 지상공간의 과밀도 개발로 인하여 지하공간의 수요가 증대되어 지하공간 구조물이 많이 설치되고 있는 반면, 지하상가, 지하천 등과 같은 지하공간 시설에서 발생할 수 있는 침수피해 대책이 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 과거 지하공간의 침수피해 실태를 조사하고 그 사례에서 원인을 분석하여 기술적 해결책을 도출해 내며, 침수방지를 위한 대책으로 국내에서 사용하고 있는 기숙이나 국외(미국, 일본)의 침수방지 기술 및 대책, 침수시 가이드라인 등을 조사하였다. 또한 지하공간이 침수되었을 때 일어날 수 있는 위험성에 대하여 이론적인, 기술적인 조건에 대하여 조사하였다. 이를 토대로 지하공간의 유형 즉, 지하주택, 지하상가, 지하공공시설(지하차도, 지하철, 전철, 지하변전소)에 대한 구체적인 침수방지 기숙에 대한 기준을 제시함으로써 궁극적으로는 지방자치단체, 관련기관, 연구기관에서 지하공간 침수방지대책에 대한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 2013

Construction industry throughout the construction projects life cycle using BIM is able to manage information. Among them, BIM-based quantity take-off is directly connected to the data of the construction business as an important management element that is essential for one of the management factors of feasibility study and economic analysis. In addition, the result of BIM-based quantity take-off can be varied depending on modeler, so the exact guideline for BIM modeling is necessary. The BIM-based quantity take-off in terms of reliability and accuracy of the information is very important. Therefore, this study verified the BIM modeling of the apartment interior materials using both separate object and composite object was validated the quantitative comparison of the difference in BIM-based quantity take-off for accuracy & reliability judgment of BIM-based quantity take-off and realistic & desirable suggestion of BIM modeling way. As the result of this study, it is preferable to model various interior materials to use separate object for the purpose of correct BIM-based quantity take-off, but the realistic way of the BIM modeling using both separate object and composite object jointly was verified in order to judge BIM-based quantity take-off in terms of work productivity.