• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.90-105
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• 2021

한국 목조 건축에서 외형의 아름다움을 결정하는 요소로 지붕의 형태는 매우 중요하다. 그 가운데에서도 처마의 곡선은 한국 목조 건축의 특징을 가장 잘 나타내는 요소이다. 이 처마의 곡선을 만들어내는 것이 바로 서까래와 부연(浮椽)이라는 부재이며, 특히 날렵한 처마곡을 만들어 육중한 지붕의 느낌을 보다 가볍고 역동적으로 보이도록 하는 것은 부연이다. 부연의 기능과 역할에 대해서는 이미 알려져 있지만 처음 사용 시기와 관련해서 명확하게 알려진 바는 아직 없다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 한국 건축에서 부연이 최초로 사용된 시기를 규명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 먼저 한국·중국·일본의 고대 건축과 관련된 기록이 남아 있는 문헌, 발굴 유구, 현존 건축물과 건축물이 표현된 회화 및 조각 등의 고찰을 차례로 진행하고 이를 종합하여 한국 고대 건축의 부연 사용 시기를 추정하고자 하였다. 그 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중국의 경우 6세기 중반 북제에서 처음 부연 사용이 나타나지만 일반화된 것은 당대인 7세기부터로 판단된다. 둘째, 일본의 경우 수도를 비조 지역에서 나라 지역으로 이전하는 8세기 중반 이후 부연 사용을 확인할 수 있으며, 이는 중국의 당과 직접적인 문화 교류를 추진하는 시기와 겹친다. 셋째, 한국의 경우 부연 사용은 6세기 중반 중국 북제로부터 백제로 도입되었을 가능성이 있으나 일반화되지는 못하였던 것으로 보이며, 이후 신라 통일기인 7세기 중반 중국 당과의 활발한 교류가 이루어지면서 보편화되었던 것으로 판단된다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.4-39
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• 2009

목탑의 기단부는 기단토와 이를 둘러싸는 외장, 계단, 그리고 기타 시설물로 구성되며 각각의 구성 요소들은 만들어진 시기, 장소, 조영세력에 따라 그 외형을 달리하고 있다. 그러나 현재까지 발굴조사를 실시한 백제, 신라~통일신라의 목탑지에서는 고구려의 목탑지에서 확인된 물받이시설, 중국 건축물의 산수(散水), 일본 목탑지에서 확인된 이누바시리(犬走り)가 확인되지 않았다. 일반적으로 지붕에서 떨어지는 우수로부터 기단부를 보호하기 위해 서까래는 기단선 이상으로 내밀어져야 하며 이 때 떨어지는 낙수 등을 처리하기 위해서는 상기한 시설들이 설치되었던 것으로 판단된다. 본 고에서는 이 시설을 낙수받이로 명명하였다. 기 발굴조사된 5~7세기의 한국, 중국, 일본 목탑지 검토를 통해 6세기에 조영된 백제 목탑지와 7세기에 조영된 신라~통일신라 목탑지에서 낙수받이를 확인할 수 있었다. 백제의 경우 6세기에 조영된 군수리사지, 능산리사지, 왕흥사지 목탑지에서 낙수받이가 설치되었으며, 특히 왕흥사지 목탑지의 경우 기단토의 굴광 범위가 당초 백제시대의 기단으로 보이는 부분까지 실시되어 일본 초기 목탑지에서 확인된 경우와 유사하다. 목탑지 조영에는 고려척이 사용되었고 서까래내밀기를 검토하기 위해 평면을 복원한 결과 기단부 길이: 일층탑신 길이:어칸:퇴간의 비례는 군수리사지와 왕흥사지 목탑지가 4.9:2.7:1:0.9로 동일하게 나타났으며 왕흥사지 목탑지에서는 다소 차이가 있으나 군수리사지 목탑지와 왕흥사지 목탑지의 주망관계는 어칸 2.49m, 퇴칸 2.14m로 동일하게 나타나 당시 목탑 조영에 있어서 일정한 척도 적용 및 계획이 있었던 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 7세기에 들어서면서 용정리사지, 제석사지, 미륵사지 등 전사기는 다른 대형 기단부를 가진 목탑지가 출현하면서 더 이상 낙수받이가 설치되지 않았던 것으로 판단된다. 신라~통일신라 목탑지의 경우 영묘사지, 황룡사지, 사천왕사지 목탑지에서 낙수받이가 설치되었을 것으로 판단하였다. 영묘사지 목탑지의 경우 폭 1.8m 할석렬이, 황룡사지 목탑지는 제2탑구석의 범위가, 사천왕사지 목탑지에서는 하층기단 지대석의 설치 형상이 능산리사지 목탑지와 유사함을 검토하여 낙수받이임을 확인하였다. 신라~통일신라 목탑지는 그 조영 자체가 7세기에 들어오면서 시작되어 초기에는 비교적 목탑의 구성요소를 충실히 표현하였지만 사천왕사지 목탑지 조영 시점을 경계로 이러한 낙수받이는 더 이상 확인되지 않는다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.57-69
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• 2005

A stylobate, part of the foundation for hardening soil below the floor, has been built with a variety of materials, such as stone, tile and brick, in several kinds of combined constructions of soil, stone, and brick. In particular, Baekje used a tile-piled stylobate that could not be found in Goguryeo and Silla counterparts, thus showing outstanding performance in the construction culture. Archeological excavations up to now evidence the stylobate played a role in building the magnificent structures or enhancing the decorative effects. It can be enough inferred that such features are reflected on dual footing stylobate, framed stylobate and tile-piled stylobate. Baekje had delivered its techniques for constructing stylobate to Silla from about the middle of 6th century. They can be traced down back from the dual stylobate that has been identified in Hwangryong-sa temple lastly built in the old site of Silla, those constructed with broken stones at Najeong, tile-piled stylobate of the mode of vertical-horizontal rows which had been established in Inwang-dong, Gyeongju, the capital of the kingdom, and a framed stylobate at Hall enshrining Buddha (Golden Hall) site of Gameun-sa temple site. Recently, relics of structures, including temple sites, are intermittently being unearthed in the old sites of Baekje and Silla. However, studies linking archeology with architecture can be rarely found up to now. It is, therefore, necessary that the relics should be correctly construed in archeological as well as architectural aspects. We expect that further studies can graft architectural insight into archeological analysis.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.77-94
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• 2006

"Mixed construction of platform" means the platform which was constructed by mixing heterogeneous materials such as roof tiles or bricks with divided stone of trimmed stone. This kind of construction technique was not known or found from the building sites of Goguryo or Silla so far and therefore it used to be understood as a unique platform construction technique or the product of technology and creativeness of Baikje's craftsman. The mixed construction of platform of Baikje came to position itself as one of the patterns of platform mainly used over Sabi period and we found the pattern from the sites including Imryugak site in Gongju, temple for royal tomb in Gwanbuk-ri, Wangheungsa Temple site, building site in Keumseong Mountain, Ohapsa Temple site in Byryeong. From the fact that they used a variety of materials which they could easily get around them such as roof tiles or bricks in addition to stones for the construction of platforms, we can see the feasibility and decoration characteristics of their material supply at that time. On the other hand, this mixed construction of platform was not popular in Goguryo and Silla, the major reason for which is judged to be non-existence of platforms to construct using bricks or roof tiles which could be constructed together with platform using divided stones. This is supported by the results of excavation of Hwangryongsa Temple site, Bunhwangsa Temple site, Heungryunsa Temple site of Silla which gave us comparatively abundant excavation data, and Jeongreungsa Temple site, Cheongamsa Temple site, Toseongrisa Temple site and building site in Daeseong Mountain castle and Anhak Palace site of Goguryo. For further progressive study on the mixed construction of platform of Baikje in the future, we will have to review more on the social background and technical background with the linkage with archeology and architecture at that time which led to the creation of such platform.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.65-82
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• 2008

The wooden pagoda sites which have been confirmed in Baekjae's former territory so far have flattened surface of the earth or foundation pert made by digging up the earth. In particular, the latter is found more often in the pagoda sites of Baekjae, which is essential and absolutely necessary because of the characteristics of pagoda structure. The wooden pagoda sites with foundation part made by digging up the earth under the stylobate are found at Yongjeongli ruined temple site of Woongjin area, and at Neung-sa temple site, Wangheung-sa temple site, Geumgang-sa temple site, and Mireuk-sa temple site of Sabi period. They are also observed at Hwanglyong-sa nine-storied wooden pagoda of Shilla and at Biin five-storied stone pagoda of early Goryeo. They are important data improving that the construction technologies of Baekjae continued to be applied to build stone or wooden pagodas, transcending time and space. Recently, the site assumed as a wood pagoda site of Hanseong area was examined in Gyeongdang sect ion of Pungnap mud fortification. If this is proved to be a real wooden pagoda site, this digging-up construction technology of foundation part ann be concluded to be a traditional engineering technology of Baekjae which was frequently used from Hanseong period to Sabi period. On the other hand, this digging-up construction technology of foundation part has been found only at pagoda sites and main building sites of temple ruins, and it helps examine their symbolism.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.99-118
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• 2012

This study aims to classify the architectural formation of the Stylobate of and Staircase types of Post-Lintel Construction in Backje style and Silla style and also to figure out their specific elements by periods and transformation characteristics. The scope of this study was restricted to architectural remains between the Three Kingdom period and the Goryeo period. To progress the investigation, the study classified remains in a similar type by period and type, and then and analyzed its character based on formation method and specific factors of subsidiary materials. As a result, its type can be classified as Backje type(I), Silla type(II) and Mixed type(III). Regionally, it is found that Woongjin, Sabi and surroundings in the capital of Backje, Gyeongju and main towns in the capital of Silla, and Gaeseong and main towns in the capital of Goryeo. In particular, type III has the characteristics of type I and II simultaneously, which has one or two layers Jangdaeseok stone between the foundation stone of stylobate and plate stone, and tends to be decorative when Taengjuseok stone is installed. For types of staircase, it could be classified as 6~7C Backje type(I), 7~9C Silla type(II) and 9C Mixed type(III) according to the formation method of Somaetdol (banister of stone stair). And from the 9th century on, decorated Somaetdol stone type(IV) of 1/4 circle shape began to appear. The common feature of stylobate of post-lintel and staircase is that it became simplified, abbreviated and decorative. It seems to be intended to secure simplicity of construction or structural stability.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.154-169
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• 2009

우리나라는 석탑의 나라라고 하지만 석탑이 발생하기 전에 고구려, 백제, 신라 삼국이 모두 목탑을 먼저 조영하였다. 석탑은 이후 삼국시대 후반인 7세기 초반에 이르러 석재로써 목탑을 모방한 미륵사석탑이 건립되었다. 우리나라 석탑은 목탑을 모방하여 발전되었다는 데는 아무런 제론이 없다. 또 석탑의 시원을 미륵사석탑이라는 데도 어느 누구도 이론이 없다. 600년대 백제와 신라 양국의 사찰창건과 조탑은 동일한 기술자들에 의해서 조영되었음에도 불구하고 백제에서는 석탑의 시원은 목탑에 두면서 신라에서는 석탑의 시원은 목탑에 두지 않고 전탑에 둔다는 것도 이해 할 수 없는 부분으로 지적하고자 한다. 따라서 필자의 견해는 신라석탑의 시원은 두 계보로 보고자 한다. 그 하나는 목탑에서 미륵사석탑과 정림사석탑을 거쳐서 감은사탑과 고선사탑으로 이어지는 계보이고, 다른 하나는 전탑에서 분황사모전석탑 - 의성탑리오층석탑 - 선산죽장동오층석탑 - 선산낙산동삼층석탑으로 이어지는 계보로 정리해 보고자 한다. 이렇게 석탑의 시원을 목탑에 두면서도 석탑옥개석 층급받침은 전탑 또는 고구려고분 천정에서 그 시원을 두기도 하여, 목조 공포의 약화된 표현이라는 의견과 논란이 가끔 있는데, 전탑의 층급은 같은 길이로 내밀고 있지만, 석탑 옥개받침은 처마부분을 더 많이 내미는 차이가 있다. 따라서 목조건물 공포에서 변형되었다고 주장하고자 한다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.7-23
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• 2001

We Koreans are very proud of this nation's cultural history over some five millenniums. But most of the relics found in the nation date back up to two thousand years. Under this circumstance, we are wondering the gap and missing of three thousand years. In our traditional literature of history, [Chiwoo] was a military god of supreme dignity and virtue. He was a symbol of brave and strong warriors and since the antiquity, he has been kept alive deeply in the mind of the Korean race. Considering findings through this study, the researcher could provide a conclusion as described below. 1) The name of Paekje's designed tiles was initially made by a Japanese scholar who had first found the antique relic. According to studies by a few of Korean researchers, the name is usually called despite its relation with a historical background of the excavated objects has not been fully studied. 2) After the patterned objects of the Korean antique Kingdom, Japanese researchers reported that [Chiwoo] was a military god as exorcist and probably represented something in the form of a ghost, although there were arguments that the military god was the very being to influence the image of the ghost. This report suggests that the Japanese community didn't downgrade the military god onto the level of a ghost. 3) One of our antique nations, Paekje at that time sought to determine the origin and culture of the Koreans by making multiple exchange relations with China, and probably accepting cultures of the Chinese Han nation and those of the Chinese South and North Dynasty period. Based on findings from a relevant literature, [Sulyigi], people of Paekje attempted to show express the image of Chiwoo in their own unique ways and then deliver the strong bravery of [Chiwoo] to us, or their descendents. This can explain that those findings as above mentioned are consistent with the designed tiles of Paekje, and that the tiles should not be named as the design of ghost. 4) The designed tiles involved elements of Taoism and Buddhism and substantially considered the spirit of four gods which was mobilized for the tomb construction and selection at that time. But this should never be a reason why all of the horned figures seen in tomb wall paintings are collectively treated as ghosts. 5) From the view of historic literature, we can no doubt say that the Heavenly Emperor [Chiwoo] was our ancestor. It is not better to say that the relic stuffs as excavated should be referred to the design of ghost image only in that they have yet to be associated historically with other relics. This claim would be newly changed as it becomes clear with historical remains that our antique ancestors kept doing positive activities along the coast of the antique kingdom, Balhae.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.140-159
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• 2013

황룡사구층목탑은 신라시대에 백제인 아비지(阿非知)에 의해 설계 시공된 우리나라 최고(最高)의 목탑으로 선덕왕 12년(643)에 시작되어 646년에 완성된 후 1238년 고려시대 몽고의 침입으로 소실될 때까지 오랫동안 한국 목탑의 전형으로 볼 수 있다. 그러나 황룡사구층목탑의 복원에 관한 기존 연구에도 불구하고, 이미 발굴된 유구와 유물, 문헌적 자료를 통하여 새롭게 고찰될 부분이 있다. 특히 황룡사구층목탑의 가구구조와 결구에 관한 연구는 복원을 위한 중요한 근거가 될 수 있음에도 그동안 우리나라 전통기법과 양식에 바탕을 둔 목탑의 구조적 조형적 특성을 규명하기보다는 관련 주변 국가와의 교류를 고려하여 목탑의 보편적 특성 규명에 치우쳐 왔다는 생각마저 든다. 이에 본고에서는 구조적으로 해석될 수 있는 해당 목탑에 관한 문헌의 재해석과 건립 당시인 7세기 전후 국내의 관련 유구 및 선학의 연구를 바탕으로, 황룡사구층목탑의 가구구조와 결구의 기법을 구체적으로 분석 고찰하였다. 즉, 평면의 기둥배치 모형도, 중요부위별 결구방식, 하앙재 및 추녀 뒤뿌리의 결구방식, 사천주 및 심주의 결구방식 등을 추정 제시하였다. 본인은 이러한 연구를 통하여 한국 고대목탑건축의 연구자료에 활용함은 물론 구조기법과 결구기법의 실체에 한 걸음 더 접근할 수 있는 계기가 마련될 것으로 본다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.7-29
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• 2010

The form of the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda site is that of the traditional form of the wooden pagodas constructed during the Baekjae Period. Likewise, it is an important ruin for conducting research on the form and type of the wooden pagodas constructed during the Baekjae Period. In particular, the method used for the installation of the central pillar's cornerstone is a new technique. The purpose of this research is to restore the ruin of the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda of the Baekjae Period that remains at the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda site. Until now, research conducted on the wooden pagoda took place mostly centered on the Hwangryongsa Temple's wooden pagoda. Meanwhile, the reality concerning Baekjae's wooden pagoda is one in which there were not many parallel cases pertain to the design for restoration. This research paper wants to conduct academic examination of the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda to organize the intention of design and design process in a simple manner. This research included review of the Baekjae Period's wooden pagoda related ruins and the review of the existing wooden pagoda ruin to analyze the wooden pagoda construction technique of the era. Then, current status of the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda site is identified to define the characteristics of the wooden pagoda, and to set up the layout format and the measure to estimate the size of the wooden pagoda in order to design each part. Ultimately, techniques and formats used for the restoration of the wooden pagoda were aligned with the wooden pagoda of the Baekjae Period. Basically, conditions that can be traced from the current status of the Wangheungsa Temple site excavation using the primary standards as the standard. Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda was designed into the wooden pagoda of the Baekjae's prosperity phase. The plane was formed into $3{\times}3$ compartments to design into three tier pagoda. The height was decided by factoring in the distance between the East-West corridors, size of the compartment in the middle, and the view that is visible from above the terrace when entering into the waterway. Basically, the origin of the wooden structure format is based on the Goguryeo style, but also the linkage with China's southern regional styles and Japan's ancient wooden pagoda methods was factored in. As for the format of the central pillar, it looks as if the column that was erected after digging the ground was used when setting up the columns in the beginning. During the actual construction work of the wooden pagoda, central pillar looks as if it was erected by setting up the cornerstone on the ground. The reason that the reclaimed part of pillar that use the underground central cornerstone as the support was not utilized, was because the Eccentric Load of the central pillar's cornerstone was factored in the state of the layers of soil piled up one layer at a time that is repeated with the yellow clay and sandy clay and the yellow clay that were formed separately with the $80cm{\times}80cm$ angle at the upper part of the central pillar's cornerstone was factored in as well. Thus, it was presumed that the central pillar was erected in the actual design using the ground style format. It is possible to presume the cases in which the reclaimed part of pillar were used when constructed for the first time, but in which central pillar was installed later on, after the supplementary materials of the underground column is corroded. In this case, however, technique in which soil is piled up one layer at a time to lay down the foundation of a building structure cannot be the method used in that period, and the reclamation cannot fill up using the $80cm{\times}80cm$ angle. Thus, it was presumed that the layers of soil for building structure's foundation was solidified properly on top of the central pillar's cornerstone when the first wooden pagoda construction work was taking place, and that the ground style central pillar was erected on its upper part by placing the cornerstone once again. Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda is significant from the structure development aspect of the Korean wooden pagodas along with the Hwangryongsa Temple's wooden pagoda. Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda construction technique which was developed during the prosperity phase of the Baekjae Period is presumed to have served as a role model for the construction of the Iksan Mireuksa Temple's wooden pagoda and Hwangryongsa Temple's wooden pagoda. With the plan to complement the work further by excavating more, the basic wooden pagoda model was set up for this research. Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda was constructed as at the Baekjae Kingdom wide initiative, and it was the starting point for the construction of superb pagoda using state of the art construction techniques of the era during the Baekjae's prosperous years, amidst the utmost interest of all the Baekjae populace. Starting out from its inherent nature of enshrining Sakyamuni's ashes, it served as the model that represented the unity of all the Baekjae populace and the spirit of the Baekjae people. It interpreted these in the most mature manner on the Korean peninsula at the time.