• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.97-122
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• 2012

This article analyzes the effects of energy price increase induced by GHGs mitigation policy on automobile industry empirically. An increase in energy price due to GHGs mitigation policy does not have a significant effect on the production and the value-added in automobile industry. Electricity price has a negative effect on the production and the value-added in automobile industry, but it is not significant. However, employment is significantly affected by a change in electricity price. Export is also affected negatively, but the effect is insignificant. These results imply that GHGs mitigation policy such as carbon tax might affect adversely the employment in automobile industry. Especially, their effects on employment are significant. Therefore, some moderating measures to relieve the adverse effects on employment in automobile industry should be called upon with the implementation of GHGs mitigation policy.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.159-171
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• 2019

The cap-and-trade system against the air pollutants in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), Korea has been implemented since 2008 and will be implemented other areas in Korea on 2020. In this study, to identify the outcome and effectiveness of the cap-and-trade system in the SMA, (1) the rate of change for NOx and SOx emissions, (2) differences between the real emission and allocated amount, and (3) the status of trading are reviewed. It was found that the NOx and SOx emissions from the sources under the cap-and-trade system decreased in the SMA but the reduction was mainly due to the reduction of fuel usage not related to the system. It was found that the average percentage of annual emission in the SMA to the allocated amount between 2008 and 2018 was 66.9% for NOx and 69.3% for SOx, respectively. It suggests that there was over allocation of the emission amounts. The average trading prices in the SMA were 0.193 $/kg for NOx and 0.128 $/kg for SOx, far lower than those in RECLAIM, 131.942 $/kg and 81.677 $/kg, respectively. It was suggested that (1) the cap system for NOx and SOx emissions should be implemented only for the area with high emission ratio from large point sources, (2) the trade system is not suitable for the effective implementation of the cap system, and (3) Korean government should not allow over allocation in order to ensure sound market function without delaying the introduction of technology.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.297-305
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• 2016

This study aims to analyze characteristics of environmental load for the construction phase of PSC beam bridge based on Life Cycle Assessment. For detail computation of environmental load, the construction materials and energy consumption are derived from the BOQ, also connecting with environmental load by Korea LCI Database Information Network. The characteristic of environmental impact was analyzed by 25 cases and cut-off ratio was 80% to 94%. The result sorted by construction materials revealed that environmental load were 53.3% for ready-mixed concrete, 9.6% for wire rod, 7.8% for rebar, 6.8% for cement, 5.5% for plywood, and 5.2% for energy. Furthermore, the result of environmental impact revealed that 45.5% for global warming, 30.4% for abiotic resources depletion, 10.5% for human toxicity, and 8.9% for photochemical oxidant creation. In the future, we can make a decision considering environmental load based on LCA at design phase.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.667-679
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• 2015

The bearer of the power sector's ETS compliance cost is power consumer for the following reasons. Firstly, power companies are constrained in establishing appropriate strategies to comply with ETS regulations due to the structural differences between the domestic power market and emission trading system. In other words, because power companies do not have a right to determine price and production of electricity, they have to compete with other companies under disadvantaged conditions in the emission trading market. Secondly, because ETS compliance cost is part of power production costs as it is also clearly written in the national greenhouse gas reduction road-map and the second energy supply plan, the cost should be included in power price following the power market operation rule. Thirdly, the most effective method to reduce carbon emissions in power sector is to reduce power demand, which is efficiently achieved through raising power price to a realistic level. Low power price in Korea is the major cause of rising power demand which is also the major cause of rising GHG emission. Therefore, power sector's ETS compliance cost should be included in power price to encourage power consumers' actions on reducing power consumption. Fourthly, when externality cost occurs in the process of delivering public services, usually beneficiary pay principle is applied to identify the cost bearer. Since electricity is one representative public good, the bearer of power sector's ETS compliance cost is power consumer.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 2014

The continued efforts to reduce GHG emission by international cooperation and each country are in progress. As part of these efforts, Korea's ETS is enforced in 2015. This was the time to make strategies for each company to respond Korea's ETS. This study was performed to suggest a draft of basic strategies for electronic component industry in current Korea's ETS stage are as follows; - Analyzing the nature of electronic component industry - Identifying needs for corresponding ETS of electronic component industry - Analyzing basic countermeasures for each stage of ETS - Suggesting drafts of basic strategies for electronic component industry in current Korea's ETS stage The result of this study, the current stage of Korea's ETS is moving from implementation of the scheme become determined and prepare the minimum corresponding to direct corresponding to the regulation and market change. Electronic component industry has many GHG emission growth(or change) factor, and it will be make electronic component industry as a buyer when Korea's ETS is enforced. Korea's ETS will be clearly act as a regulation rather than new business for electronic component industry. Therefore, identifying the Korea's ETS as a regulation is resonable strategy for corresponding the scheme. The basic strategies of electronic component industry th responding Korea's ETS are as follows; - Building internal organization and decision-making system before enforcement the Korea's ETS - Establishing internal basic corresponding strategies according to carbon price forecast scenarios - Considering the energy consumption and GHG emissions in design phase and preparing the global ETS market in mid or long term.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.221-230
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• 2017

There are two main policies to meet the national goal of reducing Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) emissions in Korea towards Paris Agreement. From 2012 to 2014, Target Management System (TMS) was operated and the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) has been established since 2015. To compare the impact of TMS and ETS on reducing GHGs, we collected annual GHGs emission reports submitted by individual business entities, and normalized them using a z-variant normalized function. In order to evaluate the impact of those policies, we calculated the amount of GHGs emissions of 73 business entities from 15 business sectors. Those entities emitted $508million\;CO_2eq$, which is 74% of total national GHGs emissions in 2014. The main results of analysis indicate that accumulated GHGs emissions during the period 2012 to 2014 affected by TMS was higher than the national goal of GHGs emission reduction, and only the GHGs emissions in 2014 were in the range of allowed GHGs emissions, set by the Government. In 2015, when ETS initiated, total GHGs emission trading was $4.84million\;tCO_2eq$, which is only 0.9% of total allowance in 2015. However, more than 50% of business entities, who got the allowance of GHGs emission given by the Government, met the goal of GHGs emissions. Particularly, 27 of 73 business entities reduced GHGs more under the ETS rather than the TMS. Even though we analyzed only 4 years' data to demonstrate the impact of TMS and ETS, it is expected to commit the national goal of GHGs reduction target by TMS and ETS.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.471-485
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• 2018

The Republic of Korea (ROK) has made many efforts to reduce greenhouse gases through a legal framework, making obligations to reach domestic and overseas targets via the Paris Convention in 2015. China recently launched a nation-wide emission trading system (ETS) and has considered extending this ETS to include the ROK. This study examines the possibility of linking the ETS between ROK and China by considering the institutional design elements of the ETS. Additionally, this study provides policy implications to reach Korea's overseas reduction target. For the research methodology, the design elements of both the ROK and China policies were analyzed by categorizing their standard design elements based on the International Carbon Action Partnership. This paper focuses on four main barriers (cap type, borrowing, offset and price ceiling) based on their environmental benefits and analyzes the challenges to combining the design elements between the ROK and China systems. The two ETS commonly share the same cap types, and there is similar institutional progress regarding the offset and price ceiling. In addition to this, note that China has a borrowing system that is opposite to the borrowing system in ROK. According to these findings, there are major challenges to linking the ROK and China systems due to differences in the major design elements. Thus, it is necessary to modify the Korean domestic borrowing system and understand the Chinese institutional processes related to environmental negotiation to achieve further cooperation.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.235-245
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• 2023

Techno-economic analyses on a 5-MW water electrolysis system for hydrogen production, operated in Jeju Island where the portion of renewable energy in the power grid is the highest in Korea, have been performed. The cost of hydrogen production and the economic feasibility of the hydrogen production system have been mainly analyzed based on the levelized-cost-of-hydrogen model. The effects of carbon emission trading and renewable power purchase method have been considered to reduce the cost of green hydrogen production in the case studies. This economic analysis model is expected to be used to derive a business model for green hydrogen production.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.99-120
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• 2017

In SS branch of Korea District Heating Corporation, Combined Heat & Power power plant with 99MW capacity and 98Gcal / h capacity is operated as a district electricity business. In this region, it is difficult to operate the generator due to the problem of surplus heat treatment between June and September due to the economic recession and the decrease in demand, so it is urgent to develop an economical energy new business model. In this study, we will develop an optimized operation model by introducing a renewable energy hybrid system based on actual operation data of this site. In particular, among renewable energy sources, fuel cell (Fuel Cell) power generation which can generate heat and electricity at the same time with limited location constraints, photovoltaic power generation which is representative renewable energy, ESS (Energy Storage System). HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources) program was used to select the optimal model. As a result of the economic analysis, 99MW CHP combined cycle power generation is the most economical in terms of net present cost (NPC), but 99MW CHP in terms of carbon emission trading and renewable energy certificate And 5MW fuel cells, and 521kW of solar power to supply electricity and heat than the supply of electricity and heat by 99MW CHP cogeneration power, it was shown that it is economically up to 247.5 billion won. we confirmed the results of the improvement of the zone electricity business condition by introducing the fuel cell and the renewable energy hybrid system as the optimization process model.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.54-66
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• 2008

After the Kyoto Protocol has been ratified in Feb. 16 2005, the developed countries which is involved in Annex-1 have tried to mitigate GHG to the reduction objective. To accomplish this objective, EU developed EU-ETS, CDM project, and so on. Korea has faced pressure to be a member of Annex-1, because Korea and Mexico are only non-Annex-1 countries in the OECD nations. In this study, we simulated power plant expansion plan and calculated $CO_2$ emission with changing Carbon Tax. Especially, we focused on the competitiveness of IGCC and carbon capture technology. In our result, even though carbon tax rise, nuclear power plant does not always increase, it increase up to minimum load. LNG combined cycle power plants substitute the coal fired power plants. If there are many alternatives like IGCC, these substitute a coal fired power plant and we can reduce more $CO_2$ and save mitigation cost.