• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.69-77
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• 2012

Clogging of drainage pipes by scale is an important problem in civil engineering works. Although scale deposits can be removed by acid treatment or water jetting, these treatments are costly and have many disadvantages. In this study, scale samples from tunnel drainage pipes were analyzed using SEM-EDS and XRD. The main ingredient in scale was $CaCO_3$ of the calcite crystal form. Drainage experiments and recirculation type experiments were conducted to control and remove scale deposits, which were determined through visual and weight measuring analysis. As a result, Quantum Stick has the effect of limiting formation of scale.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.5-15
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• 2013

Clogging phenomenon is one of the important problems in deteriorated tunnels, and it caused inhibition of drainage system by long-term behavior. Clogging phenomenon is mainly composed of $CaCO_3$ in the form calcite. Calcite is generally created by the reaction of $Ca(OH)_2$ with $CO_2$ emitted from vehicles. The structure of deteriorated tunnels was simulated and the setting of outflow from drainage pipe was observed in this study. The test was experienced by changing the slope of drainage system because existing drainage system was pracitced almost below $5^{\circ}$. As a result, in case of drainage system's slope is $2^{\circ}$, Quantum Stick has an effect for prohibiting scale in drainage system, but magnetic treatment was not effective. As a result, in case of drainage system's slope is $5^{\circ}$, both technologies were effective for prohibiting scale in drainage system, but Quantum Stick was especially more effective than magnetic treatment.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.59-64
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• 2011

Clogging in drainage pipe is one of the important problems, so it needs a remedy urgently. Recently, scale in drainage pipe is removed by water jet cleaning and other treatment. But these treatments need much cost and regular management. The principal component of scale in drainage pipe is $CaCO_{3}$. It was observed the setting of $CaCO_{3}$ by some kind of analysis such as SEM, XRD, visual and weight measuring analysis to solve these problems and prevent setting formation in drainage pipe. As a result, in case of magnetic, particle shape of $CaCO_{3}$ is changed Aragonite from Calcite. Also in case of Quantum Stick, the amount of scale is reduced by expert inspector's result. As a whole, Magnetic treatment and Quantum Stick have the effect for protecting of scale precipitation.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.37-48
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• 2016

This study aims to figure out the behavior of runoff and drainage of pervious sidewalk block in actual construction environment by experiments. The specimens with surface layer and bedding layer are subjected to the drainage test by considering unsaturated condition and unique rainfall condition in urban areas. The repeated drainage test and clogging test were conducted with time intervals, and 3D X-ray CT image analysis and evaporation test were carried out for a quantitative analysis of drainage test. The results present that the spatial distribution of pores by evaporation for time intervals induces runoff. Especially, the bedding layer under the block is significantly critical in overall hydraulic behavior such as drainage and evaporation compared to the surface layer. Moreover, the sediments in pores promote the change in pores by evaporation and this induces deteriorated drainage capacity which is hard to recover. In addition, it is revealed that the maximum runoff height grows as the drainage capacity declines depending on the pre-wetting condition.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.13-17
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• 2013

Clogging phenomenon in drainage system is one of the important problems and this phenomenon would be bad effect to structure of tunnel, so it needs a remedy urgently. Recently, scale in drainage pipe is removed by water jet cleaning and other treatment. But these treatments need much cost and regular management. In this study, magnetic device was used to solve this problem and an effect of prohibiting scale in accordance with array of magnetic device was investigated. Analysis method was visual analysis and measuring weight of each pipes. As a result, interior top and out-bottom (CASE II) was the most effective array to prohibit scale. and interior left and right (CASE III), interior top and bottom (CASE I) was effective for prohibiting scale in order.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.243-254
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• 2009

Tunnel problems relate to pore water pressure generally occur due to the restriction of groundwater flow into the tunnel which is generally caused by the deterioration of drainage systems. Previous studies have identified the problem as combined mechanical and hydraulic interaction occasions. In this study, detrimental effects of pore water pressure on the lining were investigated using the finite element method considering deterioration of the drainage system. Particularly, double-lined linings with drain-holes are considered. Deterioration of drainage system is represented as blockages of drain-holes. It is identified that the secondary lining ran be influenced by the deterioration of drainage system. It is shown that a tunnel with all drain-holes blocked moved upward, and unbalanced drain-hole blocking may result in torsional behavior of the tunnel which causes significant damages to the secondary linings.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.45-51
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• 2012

The calcium hydroxide$(Ca(OH)_2)$ which is the cement hydrate flowed into the tunnel by groundwater is reacted with microorganism in the soil, carbon dioxide$(CO_2)$ and the vehicle's exhaust gas$(SO_3)$. So its by-products are precipitated at the drainage pipe and these cause the drainage clogging. By this phenomenon, Degradation of water flow at the drainage system of the tunnel occurred and also pore water pressure is increased. Hence the acceleration of seepage and degradation of lining is occurred. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the field applicability of the Quantum Stick and Magnetic treatment in prevention of scale deposits at the Namsan ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ tunnel and the Zone ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ of subway. These technologies were installed into drainpipes with their performance monitored through occasional site visits. SEM and XRD were also performed on scale collected from these drainpipes. As a result, in case which factor technology is applied, scale creation is remarkably decreased and especially Quantum Stick treatment performing better than Magnetic treatment. Therefore, additional application of Quantum Stick or Magnetic treatment to the existing drainage is expected to decrease the drainage clogging of the drainage.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.251-251
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• 2018

도로설계기준(2012)에 따르면 노면 배수시설은 측구, 집수정, 배수관, 배수구(빗물받이, 맨홀) 등으로 구성되며 중앙분리대 배수에서 구조가 방호벽일 경우 원칙적으로 집수정과 종배수관, 횡배수관을 설치하여 노면수를 배수한다. 최근 기후변화에 따른 국지성 집중호우로 교량 배수시설의 배수능력 부족으로 교량의 노후화, 노면의 체수와 수막현상을 야기한다. 교량 설계 시, 교량의 외관은 점배수에 의한 배수불량으로 막힘부에서의 식물생육, 부식, 배수구의 오염 등으로 심미성에 악영향을 미치고 있다. 따라서 국토교통부 도로 배수시설 설계 및 관리지침에서는 기존의 집수정으로 유도하여 배수하는 점배수 형태에서 우수의 지체시간을 저감하기 위해 배수구로 즉시 배수되어 배수 효율을 증가시켜주는 선배수시설을 권장하고 있다. 그러나 선배수 구조의 일반적인 내용만을 기술하고 있으므로 보다 상세한 설계기준이 필요하다. 또한 국내에서는 교면 배수를 위한 횡배수구의 배수능력에 관한 설계 개념은 미국의 빗물받이 설계 개념을 그대로 적용하고 있어서 교량 배수시설의 배수능력 증대를 위한 수치 및 수리실험에 관한 기술적인 자료가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 도로의 흐름해석 및 선배수를 위한 측구 횡배수관의 흐름개선에 관한 구체적인 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 배수로 전반의 유향 분석 및 횡유입관 유입부에서의 상세한 흐름해석과 통수능력을 분석하기 위해서는 수리실험을 통한 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 그러나 최적 횡배수관의 형상 및 간격 설정에 대한 수리실험의 물리적 및 시간적 한계를 극복하기 위해 Fluent 모형(Ansys Workbench 13.0)을 활용한 수치모의를 수행하여 모형의 적용성을 검토하였다. 다상유동 해석을 위해 VOF(Volume of Fluid)방법을 적용하였고, 수치해석 방법으로는 비정상류, 난류 모형으로는 standard ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$모형을 적용했다. 도로 형상에 따른 우수유출량을 비교 분석하기 위하여 횡경사는 2%로 고정하고 종경사를 2%로 선정하여 수치모의를 통한 배수능력을 분석하고 설계에 직접적인 적용성을 검토하였다. 횡배수관의 간격변화 및 배수공의 위치 변화 등에 따른 차집량을 분석하였으며, 개략적인 수리실험 결과와 수치모의의 차집율을 비교 및 분석하여 Fluent 모형의 적용성을 확인하였다. 또한, 횡배수관의 유입부에서의 유속 변화 및 유출부에서의 유속이 모의가 가능하므로 배수시설에서 보다 정확한 흐름 해석이 가능하여 보다 적정한 배수능력 분석이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2004

The relationships were studied between the range of hardening zone and the intensity of vacuum pressure in case of applying vacuum consolidation drainage method for soil improvement. A testing apparatus was made to measure the range of hardening zone varying the water content and the intensity of vacuum pressure for 3 different the highly compressible dredged clays(Gwangyang, Busan and Mokpo). In case of applying high vacuum pressure, the hardening zone is not spreaded as compared to low vacuum pressure because of the clogging of drainage and developed hardening zone near the drainage.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.27-33
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the field applicability of Quantum Stick in scale deposit prevention for subway tunnels in Seoul. This technology was installed into drainpipes and its performance was monitored through occasional site visits. SEM and EDS were also performed on scale collected from these drain pipes. Results showed a decrease in scale deposits due to Quantum Stick treatment. In the field test, the device was found to be effective in preventing scale formation in new pipes as well as reducing existing scale in previously installed pipes. However, further investigations are necessary to account for various environmental conditions. In conclusion, the results indicate that molecular Vibration technology is effective in suppressing scale formation.