• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2006

Cathepsin K (cat K) is the major cysteine protease expressed in osteoclasts and was thought to play a key role in matrix degradation during bone resorption. It was shown that the intracellular maturation of cat K was prevented by the cAMP antagonist, Rp-cAMP, and the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors of KT5720 and H89. In contrast, forskolin, a adenylate cyclase agonist, rather induced Cat K processing and maturation in osteoclasts. Furthermore, to determine whether cat K processing and maturation signaling involves protein kinase C (PKC), mouse total bone cells were treated with calphostin C, a specific inhibitor of PKC, however, no effect was observed, indicating that calphostin C did not affect to osteoclast-mediated cat K processing and maturation. Thus, it is indicated that the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway regulates cat K maturation in osteoclasts. Since secreted proenzymes have the potential to reenter the cell via M6P receptor, to prevent this possibility, it was tested cAMP antagonist Rp-cAMP and the PKA inhibitors KT5720 and H89 in the absence or presence of M6P. Inhibition of cat K processing by Rp-cAMP, KT5720, or H89 was observed in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the addition of M6P resulted in enhanced potency of Rp-cAMP, KT5720 and H89. These dose-dependently inhibited in vitro bone resorption with a potency similar to that observed for inhibition of cat K processing.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.120-129
• /
• 2020

In Yesan-gun, Korea's main apple-producing region, the area of apple cultivation and yield are declining. In particular, the worsening quality of fruits due to unusually high temperatures amid recent climate change has also become a major challenge for apple orchards located on flatlands. The objective of this research is to investigate quality changes of apples according to different growing environments, depending on the shade of the sun, by covering the trees with different colors of wind nets. A white and blue wind nets with a hole size of 2 × 2 mm is installed on two experimental trees, 17-year-old 'Fuji' and 'Hongro', which are planted 1.5 m × 3.5 m in the north-south direction. Treatment of wind nets effectively lowered fruit surface temperature regardless of apple variety. When measuring the temperature of the fruit surface at 2 pm, the temperature of the air was 34.8℃, but the 'Fuji' of the untreated blocks was the highest at 40.0℃, while the blue wind net and the white wind net were significantly lower at 34.9℃ and 36.6℃, respectively. In 'Hongro', the results showed that the surface temperature was effectively lowered by recording 38.3℃ for the blue wind net and 38.5℃ for the white wind net treatment when the untreated one was 44.2℃. According to the color difference in 'Fuji', the skin redness (a^⁎) was the lowest with untreated control at 16.5, but the blue and white wind net treatment higher at 18.0 and 19.3, respectively. In 'Hongro', the white wind net treated fruit also showed a much higher skin redness than the untreated control of 28.1, showing much higher a^⁎ of 34.9. Sunburn damage in 'Fuji' apples amounted to 9.4% in untreated control. However, the blue and white wind net treatment revealed to 3.8% and 4.2%, respectively. In 'Hongro', those damage in the fruits treated with blue or white wind net, accounted for only 8.8% and 12.4%, respectively, significantly lower than 28.8% occurrence of untreated one. And, these results were understood to be the result of low UV radiation being blocked by the treatment of wind nets.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.13-23
• /
• 2010

Objective: The present study was carried out to induce differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into germ cells and to establish a culture condition for single hESCs dissociated by enzyme. Methods: Embryonic body (EB) was formed by hanging drop culture for 3 days from hESCs colony. The EBs were cultured in the medium supplemented with retionic acid (RA) or/and bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) for 14 days to differentiate into germ cells. Germ cell specific markers, c-kit and VASA were used for immunohistochemistry of EB. Human ESCs colonies were dissociated into single cells by Collagenase, Tryple and Accutase, and then colony formation rate of the single cells was examined. Rho-associated kinase inhibitor (ROCK inhibitor, Y27632) was added into the culture medium of single cells to reduce the apoptotic damage during the dissociation. Results: Single cells dissociated with Tryple or Accutase showed higher colony formation rates compared to the cells dissociated with Collagenase. Seeding of $5{\times}10^3$ cells/well (4 well dish) was efficient to obtain high colony formation rate compared to other concentrations of seeding cell. Addition of Y27632 significantly increased the colony formation rate of the single cells dissociated by Tryple. Immunohistochemistry of EB with c-kit and VASA markers showed a weak fluorescence signals compared to the signals from the testicular tissue. Conclusion: Dissociation with Tryple was useful to obtain healthy single cells and addition of Y27632 was beneficial for survival and colony formation of the single cells. Unlike other studies, we just observed a dim fluorescence staining of the germ cell markers, probably caused by the short-term culture for the differentiation of EB compared to other studies.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.211-221
• /
• 2017

This study was performed to investigate the functional properties and characteristics of Dolnamul (Sedum sarmentosum) as a cosmetic ingredient. Lyophilized sedum powder was extracted with ethanol and stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ for the following experiments. Total polyphenol compounds of the ethanol extract of sedum (SE) was $27.98{\pm}0.34g/kg$(dry weight): epicatechin ($162.14{\pm}5.07mg/kg$), epigallocatechin ($55.99{\pm}2.49mg/kg$), and kaempferol ($47.96{\pm}3.02mg/kg$) were contained in the SE. The SE had organic radical scavenging capacity ($78.43{\pm}1.08%$) and metal reducing power (FRAP value $2.54{\pm}0.12$). FTC and TBARS assays confirmed that the SE inhibited the early stage of lipid peroxidation ($62.03{\pm}0.38%$) as well as the final stage of lipid peroxidation ($55.36{\pm}2.05%$), respectively. The SE (5 mg/mL, dry weight) was proved to have antibacterial effect on the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. The inhibitory percentages of the SE on elastase and collagenase activities were $38.94{\pm}7.09%$ and $78.94{\pm}2.49%$, respectively. Compare to the control group, the SE treated group induced an increase of Col3A1 expression and collagen production ($58.11{\pm}1.07%$). The oil in water emulsion (0.5% SE adding group) showed pH 6.88 and 1.47 g/mL of density. The hardness changes of the SE adding emulsions were not detected during the stored periods at various temperatures ($-20-45^{\circ}C$) for four weeks. It is considered that the SE has antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiaging activities.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.393-399
• /
• 2012

In this study, the antioxidant and anti-wrinkling effects of extracts from Aruncus diocius var. kamtschaticus (ADV) were investigated. According to the results, the ethanol extract has better antioxidant and anti-wrinkling effects than the water extract. The amounts of total polyphenol and flavonoid compounds in the ethanol extract were 122 and 36 mg/g, respectively, while those in the water extract were 87 and 26 mg/g. The antioxidant activities of the ethanol and water extracts were 395 and 4,682 ${\mu}g/mL$ as the $RC_{50}$ values for the DPPH radical scavenging activity, and 227 and 366 ${\mu}g/mL$ for the $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activity, respectively. The reducing power of the ethanol extract (1.58 at 2 mg/mL) was higher than that of the water extract (0.88 at 2 mg/mL). The astringent activities of the ethanol and water extracts were 91.27 and 16.35% at 10 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the ADV ethanol extract treatment of the fibroblast cell after UV irradiation resulted in increased cell viability (10% at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$) and collagen biosynthesis (33% at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$), with a lowering in the MMP-1 expression level (16.8 % at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$). These results demonstrate that AVD provides a remarkable and significant tensor and anti-wrinkling effect on the skin, which could be of a great use in anti-aging skin care products.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.24 no.8
• /
• pp.1158-1167
• /
• 2017

In this study, ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan, lactic acid bacteria, and ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan+lactic acid bacteria were tested for 10 weeks using an immunodeficient animal model infected with LP-BM5 murine AIDS virus On the immune activity. Cytokines production, plasma immunoglobulin concentration, T cell and B cell proliferation were measured. As a result, the T cell proliferative capacity which was weakened by immunization with LP-BM5 murine AIDS virus increased significantly T cell proliferative capacity compared with the red ginseng control group. B cell proliferative capacity was significantly higher than the infected control group. Increased B cell proliferation was reduced. In the cytokine production, IL-2, IL-12 and IL-15 in the Th1-type cytokine increased the secretion of IL-2, IL-12 and IL-15 compared to the infected control. The proliferative capacity of the treated group was higher than that of the mixed treatment group. TNF-${\alpha}$ was significantly decreased compared with the infected control group. The IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly inhibited in the infected control group and the Th1/Th2 type cytokine expression was regulated by immunohistochemistry. IgE, IgA, and IgG levels were significantly lower in the immunoglobulin secretion assay than in the control. As a result, the immunomodulatory effect of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan+lactic acid bacteria was confirmed by mixing with LP-BM5 murine AIDS virus-infected immunodeficient animal model.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.24 no.8
• /
• pp.1149-1157
• /
• 2017

Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation in our body. The use of medicinal plants has been widely applied as an alternative source for drug development. One of marine natural resources, the anti-inflammatory effect of Ishige sinicola ethanol extract (ISEE), was evaluated by using LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell and mice model. As a result, the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$) were inhibited with increasing concentration of ISEE without any cytotoxicity. Furthermore, ISEE suppressed the expression of not only inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) p65, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in a dose-dependent manner. In mice ear edema test, the formation of edema was reduced at the highest dosage of ISEE and the reduction of the number of infiltrated mast cells was observed in histological analysis. These results indicate that ISEE has a potent anti-inflammatory activity and can be used as a pharmaceutical material for many kinds of inflammatory disease.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.164-171
• /
• 2002

Morphological characteristics and growth pattern of 10 Polygonatum collections indigenous to Korea were examined to select the promising medicinal, edible resources and horticultural crops. Plant heights of I0 collections ranged from 15 to 102cm. Stem type was ascending or erect, and node numbers per a stem was 6.2 to 23.2. Phyllotaxis type was alternate or verticillate, and leaf shape was elliptical or linear. Leave numbers per a stem was 5.2 to 63.4, and bract types were classified into bracteate and nonbracteate. Flowers bloomed from May 7 to May 30, and flowering period was 5 to 13 days. Inflorescence types were classified into racemose, corymbose, and umbellate. Flower numbers per a stem was 1.5 to 125.2, and flower length was 13.1 to 30.2㎜. Perianth shapes were classified into tubular, constrict and urceolate. Surface colors of rhizome were pale yellow, pale brown, brown, and dark brown. As a result of this experiment, P. sibiricum, P. odoratum var. pluriflorum and P. odoratum var. thunbergii were thought to be useful as the medicinal and edible resources plants. On the other hand, P. odoratum var. pluriflorum 'Variegata', and P. odoratum var. maximowiczii, P. lasianthum. P. involucratum, P. desoulavyi, P. humile, and P. inflatum were thought to be useful as horticultural plants.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.87-106
• /
• 2005

In order to evaluate the mechanism of transmission as well as processing of sensory information originating from low-threshold mechanoreceptor in oral and maxillofacial region at primary synaptic region of trigeminal nervous system, vibrissa afferent fibers of adult cat were labeled with intra-axonal HRP injection. Serial sections containing labeled boutons were obtained from the piece of trigeminal interpolar nucleus. Under electron microscope, total 30 labeled boutons were observed, and ultrastructural characteristics, frequency of occurence, synaptic organizations of vibrissa afferent terminals were analysed. The results were as follows: 1. Labeled boutons contained clear, spherical synaptic vesicles with diameter of 45$\sim$55nm. They formed asymmetrical synapse with dendrites showing definite postsynaptic density, larger synaptic cleft, multiple synaptic structures at various regions. With unlabeled axon terminals(p-ending) containing polymorphic synaptic vesicles, they formed symmetrical synapse showing indefinite postsynaptic density and narrower synaptic area. 2. Each labeled bouton formed 1 to 15 synapses, the average of 4.77$\pm$3.37 contacts per labeled bouton, with adjacent neuronal profiles. Relatively complex synaptic organization, which formed synapses with more than 5 neuronal profiles, was observed in a large number(46.7%, n=14) of labeled boutons. 3. Axo-somatic synapse was not observed. The number of axo-dendritic synapse was 1.83$\pm$1.37 per labeled bouton. Majority(85.0%) of axo-dendritic synapses were formed with dendritic shafts, nonprimary dendrites(n=47, 1.57$\pm$1.38/1 bouton), however, synapses formed with primary dendrites(n=6, 0.20$\pm$0.41/1 bouton) or dendritic spines(n=2, 0.07$\pm$0.25/1 bouton) were rare. 4. 76.7%(n=23) of labeled boutons formed axo-axonic synapse (2.93$\pm$2.36/1 bouton) with p-endings containing pleomorphic vesicles. Synaptic triad, in which p-endings formed synapses with labeled boutons and dendrites adjacent to the labeled boutons simultaneoulsy, were also observed in 60.0%(n=18) of labeled boutons. From the above results, vibrissa afferent terminals of adult cat showed distinctive synaptic organization in the trigeminal interpolar nucleus, thus, suggests their correlation with the function of the trigeminal interpolaris nucleus, which participates in processing of complex sensory information such as two-point discrimination and motivational-affective action. Further studies on physiologic functions such as quantitative analysis on ultrastructures of afferent terminals and nerve transmitters participating in presynaptic inhibition are required.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.147-160
• /
• 2011

Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is a natural phenolic constituent extensively used in dentistry as a component of zinc oxide eugenol cement and is applied to the mouth environment. Chios gum mastic (CGM) is a resinous exudate obtained from the stem and the main leaves of Pistacia lenticulus tree native to Mediterranean areas. This study was undertaken to investigate the synergistic apoptotic effect of co-treatment with a natural product, CGM and natural phenolic compound, eugenol on SCC25 human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line. To investigate whether the co-treatment with eugenol and CGM compared to each single treatment efficiently reduces the viability of SCC25 cells, MTT assay was conducted. Induction and augmentation of apoptosis were confirmed by Hoechst staining, TUNEL staining and DNA hypoploidy. Westen blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining were performed to study the alterations of the expression level and the translocation of apoptosis-related proteins in co-treatment. In this study, co-treatment of with eugenol and CGM on SCC25 cells showed several lines of apoptotic manifestation such as nuclear condensations, DNA fragmentation, the increase and decrease of Bax and Bcl-2, decrease of DNA content, the release of cytochrome c into cytosol, translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) onto nuclei, and activation of caspase-3, caspase-6 caspase-7, caspase-9, PARP, Lamin A/C and DFF45 (ICAD) whereas each single treated SCC25 cells did not show or very slightly these patterns. Although the single treatment of 40 ${\mu}g$/ml CGM and 0.5 mM eugenol for 24 h did not induce apoptosis, the co-treatment of these reagents prominently induced apoptosis. Therefore our data provide the possibility that combination therapy with CGM and eugenol could be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for human oral squamous cell carcinoma.