• 한국경영정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.205-210
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 분산화된 공급체인상황하에서 효과적인 조정 메커니즘으로 제시되고 있는 공급체인계약의 유형들 중에서 서적, 음반 및 컴퓨터 산업등에서 주로 사용되는 반품계약(Return Policy)에 대한 동적 시뮬레이션 모형을 구축하고, 반품비율 및 환매가 등의 계약 파라미터들이 모형의 성과에 미치는 영향과 구매자의 판매노력 및 판매자의 위험성향이 고려되는 상황하에서 반품계약의 효과성이 어떻게 바뀌는지를 분석하고자 한다. 연구의 목적은 판매노력 및 위험성향과 같은 요인들이 반품계약의 효과성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 분석하는 것이며 부가적으로는 공급체인계약에 대한 동적시뮬레이션 모형을 구축하고 연구함으로서 최근 관심이 증대되고 있는 시스템다이내믹스 접근이 공급체인관리 분야의 연구에 유의하게 기여할 수 있음을 제시하고 향후 연구를 위한 기반을 다지고자 한다. 연구결과 반품계약을 시행하는 경우에 공급체인의 성과가 높으며, 반품계약과 더불어 판매자의 판매노력이 고려되는 경우에는 성과가 더욱 향상되었다. 또한 판매자가 위험회피성향을 가진 경우에는 공급체인성과가 감소하였다.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.173-186
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• 2007

This research consists of (1) building (or molding) the Dynamics Simulation Model on Return Policy mainly used in publications, phonographs, and computer industry; which are seen used in supply chain contract known as effective control mechanism under the varied supply chain situations, and (2) analyzing the effects that return rates and seller's contract parameters have in the outcome of the model and (3) observing how the effectiveness of Return Policy changes under such circumstances where the buyer's sales ability and the seller's risk inclination are taken into account. Thus, the main purpose of this research lies in analyzing what exactly are the effects (and or outcome) that sales ability and risk inclination have in Return Policy, and additionally by conducting comprehensive research on Supply Chain Policy Dynamics Simulation Model, we will try to prove that not only the Systems Dynamics approach is highly contributive in supply chain management but also that it will serve as a foothold in future research. As a result of the research, supply chain achievement level turned out to be high when Return Policy is enforced, and the achievement level was even higher when seller's sales ability was taken into consideration along with the Return Policy. On the other hand, the achievement level decreased when the seller had risk aversive tendencies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.861-869
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the purchasing status and to compare supplier performance evaluations between competitive bidding and negotiated contracts in school foodservice in Changwon, Korea. A total of 190 questionnaires were distributed and 167 (return rate 87.9%) were collected from June 29 to September 28, 2010, and then a total of 151 (analysis rate 79.5%) were used for the final analysis. First, 91.4% of food product purchases for school meals were contracted through competitive bidding, especially limited competitive bidding. It mainly consisted of agricultural products, processed food, and eco-friendly agricultural products (fruit). Second, 78.8% of schools purchased food products by negotiated contracts, while single negotiation accounted for 59.7%. Food products by negotiated contract consisted of meat, kimchi, and fish. Third, the purchase status of competitive bidding and negotiated contracts showed a significant difference in agricultural products (p<0.001), fish (p<0.001), meats (p<0.001), poultry (p<0.001), antibiotic-free poultry (p<0.001), eco-friendly grain (p<0.001), eco-friendly agricultural products (fruit) (p<0.001), eco-friendly processed food (p<0.001), processed products (p<0.001), milk (p<0.001) and general grain (p<0.001) except for kimchi. Fourth, comparative analysis of supplier performance evaluation (on a 5-point Likert scale) of school foodservice showed that price of product of competitive bidding (3.73) was significantly higher than that of negotiated contract (2.95) (p<0.001), and the overall performance level of the negotiated contract (3.85) was significantly higher than that of competitive bidding (3.61) (p<0.01). The supplier performance evaluation levels of product packaging (p<0.01), product quality at the time of delivery (p<0.001), hygiene of products (p<0.001), consistency to specification (p<0.001), swiftness of return and exchange (p<0.001), emergency delivery (p<0.001), service of delivery staff (p<0.05), and handling of complaints (p<0.001) of negotiated contracts were significantly higher than those of competitive bidding of school foodservice. In conclusion, school foodservice selected food suppliers both by adopting competitive bidding and negotiated contracts. And there was a significant difference of school foodservice supplier performance between competitive bidding and negotiated contracts in Changwon, Korea.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.141-161
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• 1991

Resale price maintenance has long been employed in book distribution, perhaps longer than for any other product. Another unusual practice in the book trade that has proven to be quite durable in spite of its substantial cost in real resources is the returns policy. Publishers typically grant the right to return unsold books within a stipulated time for full credit against future orders. This paper investigates the functions and effects of resale price maintenance in the book trade, and argues that resale price maintenance and returns are substitute methods of providing the same economic function. Resale price maintenance can be used to compensate booksellers for initially stocking books with uncertain prospects and for providing a conduit through which manufacturers acquire information about consumer demand (market testing services). Permitting the return of unsold books for full credit places a floor under retail prices and transfers a considerable portion of the cost of introducing a new product line back to the publisher. Both reflect publishers' needs to have their books displayed. In the U.S. returns privileges were first proposed in 1913, roughly coincident with the Macy decision outlawing RPM. Publishers slowly granted return privileges, which become nearly universal by 1970. The decline in margins in recent years has been accompanied by an increase in returns as the return policy served to substitute for lost margins on successful titles as a methods of compensating full-line booksellers. In contrast, returns privileges are unusual in countries where price maintenance in books has been practiced. These observations are consistent with our analysis. In Korea, resale price maintenance of books is practiced under an exception to Korean antitrust law. The availability of effective price maintenance is likely to reduce the use of returns programs. Since consumers prefer to obtain books at outlets where they know the books are likely to be stocked rather than taking a chance on stores that carry a more limited line, it also provides a strong incentive for booksellers to expand. But the privilege of resale price maintenance should be confined to books which publishers want to be price maintained. Resale price maintenance and returns system differ in the transactions costs associated with inventory holding, and publishers' judgement on the comparative advantage of the two schemes should be honored. Publishers should also remain free to authorize sales at discount at any time not to impair the ability of booksellers to dispose of product variants that prove unpopular.

• Vending industry
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• v.5 no.3 s.15
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• pp.35-41
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• 2005

자판기 표준약관이 개정된다. 그간 공정거래위원회 약관제도과와 우리 협회에서는 자판기 거래 분쟁 최소화를 위해 기존 약관을 개정키고 합의하고 새로운 표준약관 마련 직업을 진행해 왔다. 새로운 약관을 준비하며 상호간 쟁점이 되는 사항들이 있었지만 절충에 절충을 거쳐 개정안을 도출해 냈다. 이번에 마련된 표준약관 개정안은 그간 자판기 부실판매의 주된 사례로 작용했던 임대를 전제로 한 기망판매 행위, 수익성 보장을 전제로 반품을 할 수 있도록 유인하여 판매하는 행위 등을 금지될 수 있도록 계약해제 요건을 구체화했다. 또한 구매자가 자판기 구입 후 3개월 이내에는 일정 손율을 지불하고 임의해지를 할 수 있도록 했다. 자판기 구매자 보호 요건들을 강화했음은 물론 거래관계를 명확히 해 상호 분쟁의 요소를 최소화한 것이 특징이다. 이 같은 내용을 골자로 하는 자판기 표준안은 공정거래 위원회 약관 심사 자문회의를 거쳐 1차 승인이 났고, 마지막으로 심의 위원회 최종승인만을 남겨놓고 있다. 하지만 자판기 유통시장 정화에 대한 강력한 의지를 반영한 개정안이기 때문에 별다른 수정 없이 승인이 날 것으로 보여 진다. 이럴 경우 자판 산업계에서는 다가오는 2006년부터는 새로운 약관을 사용할 수 있게 된다. 금호에서는 새롭게 개정되는 자판기 표준 약관의 세부내용을 살펴보고, 자판기 산업계가 어떻게 이를 받아들여야 할지를 살펴봤다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.11
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• pp.1766-1773
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• 2014

The purpose of this research was to scrutinize dieticians' perspective of seafood ingredients prices in school food-service. Suppliers' contract status, seafood ingredient usage and satisfaction, expectations regarding prices of seafood ingredients, and willingness to pay when HACCP is taken into account were studied. Through random sampling, the survey was conducted on 231 dieticians in 11 different educational districts and 12 elementary, six middle, and three high schools. Ultimately, 142 survey responses were taken into account. Data analysis was performed using SPSS v15.0 by descriptive analysis, ${\chi}^2$-test, and t-test. For contracts regarding seafood ingredients, competitive contracts composed 79.7%. Exactly 42.1% responded that contracts were breached, and 60.1% testified that product returns were due to excessive glazing of ingredients. The satisfaction rate of 'hygiene & sanitation of product' was the highest, whereas 'price of product' was the lowest. For 'recontracting intention', 'informal purchasing' showed higher rates compared to 'competitive bidding'. Reflecting upon the six main price factors, 'designation and maintenance of HACCP', 'price of raw seafood ingredients', 'processing costs', 'margin', 'logistic costs', and 'cost of standardizing seafood ingredients', dieticians' perceived 'impact on the anticipated price' on total cost was lower than present counterparts. This implicates that 'impact on the present price' of the six price factors is too excessive, suggesting that many dieticians are unsatisfied with the current prices of seafood ingredients. Furthermore, 52.8% of dieticians stated that the maximum additional payment of HACCP seafood ingredients should be less than 5%. Consequently, this research serves as basic information for reasonable pricing of seafood ingredients and contributes to increased seafood usage by school food-services.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1866-1877
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• 2008

The purposes of this study were to identify the dimensions of perceived dissatisfaction, complaining behavior, and long-term orientation of customers about the Internet fashion shopping mall, and to empirically examine the effects of each dimension of perceived dissatisfaction and complaining behavior on long-term orientation. For this study, questionnaires were administered to 275 Internet shopping mall customer. To analyze collected data, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, Cronbach's $\alpha$, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were used. Major findings were as follows. First, college students were found to mainly complain of dissatisfaction at product quality, refunding/changing/maintenance repair, price, contract, delivery, and payment after transaction with the Internet shopping mall. Second, customer dissatisfaction was found to have high correlation with complaining behavior and partly with customer neglect or exit. Third, higher customer dissatisfaction was found to increase customer complaining behavior in general. Finally, higher complaining behavior was found to have connection with lower customer loyalty and higher customer neglect and exit.