• School Mathematics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.727-743
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• 2014

The concepts of sample and sampling are central to the statistical thinking and foundations of the statistical literacy, so we need to be emphasized their importance in the statistics education. However, many researches which dealt with samples only analyze textbooks or students' responses. In this study, the concept of sample is addressed by a historical consideration which is one aspect of the didactical analysis. Moreover, developing concept of sample is analyzed from the preceding studies about the statistical literacy, considering the sample representativeness and the sampling variability. The results say that the historical process of developing the concept of sample can be divided into three step: understanding the sample representativeness; appearing the sample variance; recognizing the sampling variability. Above all, it is important to aware and control the sampling variability, but many related researches might not consider sample variability. Therefore, it implies that the awareness and control of sampling variability are needed to reflect to the teaching-learing of sample for developing the students' statistical literacy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.226-234
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the application of storytelling on pre-service teachers of elementary school who take courses in 'earth's strata and rock' on science teaching concept and science teaching efficacy. The experiment was aimed at one class (32 students) enrolled in the 'earth's strata and rock' course at intensive course through 15 weeks from March to June. The experiment was taking lectures of "earth's strata and rock" for one semester, and the pre-service teachers of elementary school finished class demonstration with storytelling technique by group. The results and analysis of the study were analyzed by the corresponding sample test in before and after the group test. The conclusion of the study is as follows. First, the application of storytelling method on pre-service teachers of elementary school was effective in science concept. teaching efficacy. Second, the application of storytelling method on pre-service teachers of elementary school was effective in science teaching efficacy. Third, the application of storytelling method on pre-service teachers of elementary school responded positively.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.525-538
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• 2018

Action learning is a teaching method that is taught through the process of finding real problems and finding solutions. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of action learning for the college course 'media education for children' which was offered by the Department of Child Psychology and Education at S university in Seoul. According to the process of action learning suggested by Marquardt(2000), college students developed the problem of children's news literacy education and set the purpose, goal and contents of news literacy and developed teaching and learning method for the 6th grade elementary students and applied it to the education field. The college students' evaluation about the action learning lesson were collected by questionnaire and verbal. They found that active and voluntary problem-solving and field application through action learning helped to achieve the goals of the children's media education class. Finally, the importance of close cooperation with the educational field and of appropriate feedback were discussed as a necessary condition of action learning teaching method.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.911-931
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze pre-service teachers' reflective discussion on their practical work-based teaching by focusing on the components of instruction and the connectivity of discussion. Eight after-class discussions were recorded and transcribed, and finally analyzed in terms of theoretically driven categories such as aims, teacher knowledge and learner response which also respectively reflect the actual flow of planning, implementation and evaluation of the teaching practice. The result showed that in their discussion about students, conceptual understanding and scientific skill components were most emphasized, while teaching method and strategy were most frequently addressed in the discussion about teacher knowledge. But this also revealed problems in their discussions such as the lack of discussion about inquiry and student interest, difficulties in clarifying theoretical terms and the lack of discussion about instructional models and theories. Meanwhile, pre-service teachers' discussions were limited in terms of connectivity between the components of instruction, meaning that their discussion tended to deal with each component separately rather than occurred in connection with each other. Furthermore, when connections were made during the discussion, only few components of instruction appeared. Based on this result, the paper suggests the need to develop tools to facilitate effective reflection in ways that incorporate various components of instruction and enhance connectivity between the components and between the instructions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2006

Lately teaching-learning system on the web site offers broad educational environment without any restriction of time and place to the teachers and learners. Using a web site in music education turned out to be effective. It provokes learner's interest and guides self-directed learning. Therefore, on this research, the web site for self-directed learning in music subject was designed and embodied as an assistant material of learning which is suitable for learner's level and demand As a result of using the web site in music class, there are some responses of students. First, there were 27 students positive responses$(79.4\%)$ of 34 students in the learning effect of the web site, and 25 students$(73.5\%)$ of 34 showed their will to use the web site continually if it is modified and supplemented. Second, some students answered that using this program in Diagnosis Evaluation and Formative Test could have an instant result, which was used for the material of feedback. Third, there was a positive evaluation of helping self-directed learning.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.117-126
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• 2003

In this article, we described students' conceptions of fraction, based on the mathematical learning theory of Skemp who contributed to the understanding of a mathematical conception in the real world problems. We analyzed students' responses to given three problems in order to examine a degree of the conceptual understanding in their responses. In conclusion, it suggests some instructional methods which facilitate students to understand the conceptions the fraction implies.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.07d
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• pp.2768-2770
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• 2005

컴퓨터 비젼은 지난 30년간 빠른 속도로 발전해왔다. 1970년대 초에는 인공지능분야가 굉장히 다양하게 연구되었는데, 그중 Condensation 알고리즘으로 알려진 블레이크 교수의 연구를 시작으로 많은 연구자들이 이 알고리즘을 연구하기 시작했다. 초기 단계에서 이 알고리즘은 파티클 필터라고 알려져 있고, 근래 신호처리 분야에서 두각을 나타내고 있다 하지만 파티클 필터는 내부적인 계산과정 때문에 FrameGrabber가 필요하게 되어 하드웨어 없이는 실시간 처리가 힘들고, 1분에 30프레임의 동영상 규격보다 훨씬 더 많은 50프레임을 사용하고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 동영상처리기법에 있어서 DirectX 기반의 제안된 프레임 컨트롤이라는 기법을 사용하여, 변화하는 동영상에 능동적으로 반응하는 하드웨어 없는 프레임 레이트(Framerate) 컨트롤 엔진을 사용하여, 실시간 인물 추적 알고리즘을 구현하려 한다.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.143-156
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• 2014

The smart education has the goal of enhancing the capability of learners in the 21st century and especially address the improvement of the problem solving capability. This smart education based on the growth of smart devices and the effect of dramatical spread requires the ability of problem solving using the smart technology in accordance with time change. As the problem solving learning is a model used mainly for improving the capability of problem solving, this study develops the problem solving learning model focusing on the teaching-learning activity using the smart devices and also applies this model to the school field. As a result, the favorable response that using the smart devices is effective to the problem solving can be obtained. This study can contribute to achieve the goal of the smart education, and later can be effective to the successful smart education in the school field.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.437-447
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• 2010

The purpose of this thesis was to design and develop an effective e-PBL(Problem-Based Learning) for cultivating consciousness of information and communication ethics. The proposed e-PBL is based on PBL which is one of the constructivism teaching-learning theories. Online learning and face-to-face classes were systematically combined for achieving the teaching-learning goals. And the main module for online learning run on Moodle, an open source learning management system. To examine educational effectiveness of the proposed e-PBL, an experimental study was conducted through the education content and method to the subject of two class in the second-grade of university located in OO city. For experiment 60 students(treatment group=30, control group=30) are participated. And they were randomly assigned to one of ten subgroups, comprising of six students, respectively. The results of this study showed that the education using proposed e-PBL is more effective in cultivating consciousness of information and communication ethics and learners responded positively than the education using traditional face-to-face PBL learning method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.3
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• pp.261-269
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• 1997

Excised immature ovules and calli derived from the stems of cottonwood were bombarded with microprojectiles carrying plasmid DNA containing CaMV-35S promoter and ${\beta}$-glucuronidase(GUS) gene. After bombarded, the expression of GUS gene was detected by the assay of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-${\beta}$-gluconide(X-gluc). Transient gene expression was measured by counting the number of distinct regions of GUS activity per explant. As major parameters, the number of shots and the period of exposure to X-gluc after the bombardment were investigated for detecting GUS gene expression. In this experiment, the percents of GUS gene expression showing spots were 56.8 from immature ovules and 75.9 from micro-calli of cottonwood species. Among the treatments, two consecutive shots and 48 hour exposure produced about $25.75{\pm}2.77$(per ovule), $11.43{\pm}1.22$(per mini petridish) spots, respectively, Microprojectile particle bombardment provides a useful method to assay transient expression in both types of explants. Furthermore, our results represent that the excised ovule and/or the calli might be stably transformed by the biolistics.