• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.143-146
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• 2014

A single serranid specimen of Epinephelus radiatus was collected by a hook for the commercial longline fisheries occurred near Marado, Jeju Island, Korea. The present specimen was characterized by five irregular dark brown bands passing downward and forward from upper edge of body, scales in longitudinal row 107, and pored lateral line scales 55. This species is easily distinguishable from the morphologically similar Korean serranid species of E. poecilonotus based on band patterns on body. That is, the former has five irregular oblique dark-edged brown bands, and the latter has several long horizontal bands on lateral body. We propose a new Korean name, "Ma-ra-bari," for Epinephelus radiatus.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2022

This study aims to investigate egg quality changes and free amino acid composition. Factors that can affect egg quality about farming conditions were investigated through biochemical analysis of egg by red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara. As a result, the buoyant, fertilization embryonic survival and hatching rate were better when reared in sea cage than in tank. And the content of free amino acid in fertilized eggs reared in sea cage was higher then in tank. In conclusion, fertilized eggs with good egg quality can be produced when farming sea cage, and contained more free amino acid.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 2019

This study aims to investigate how ovulation induction of red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara varies when treated with different hormonal substances such as ovaprim, pimozide, LHRHa, and HCG. As for LHRHa, we injected it at four different concentrations: 50 ㎍kg^-1, 100 ㎍kg^-1, 150 ㎍kg^-1, and 200 ㎍kg^-1. All hormonal substances including LHRHa were injected into the back muscles. Buoyant, embryonic survival, fertilization, and hatching rate were the highest in LHRHa and LHRHa + pimozide group. When LHRHa was injected at different concentrations, buoyancy and fertilization rate were the highest in 100 ㎍kg^-1 group. Embryonic survival and hatching rate were the highest in 150 ㎍kg^-1. Based on these experimental results, we concluded that LHRHa at the concentration of 100 ㎍kg^-1 is the most efficient for the ovulation induction in this fish species.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.45-56
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• 2016

"The Legend of Princess Bari" mostly accepted the story and character of the Myth of Baridegi. Each player has their own storyline from the beginning. "The Legend of Princess Bari 2" was released less than a year after the release of "The Legend of Princess Bari 1," but it fell short of creating additional contents from its original version. However, "The Persona4" applied and transformed the Myth of Inajagi & Ijanami according to our present time. The protagonist's each have their own designated "Persona" skills and Ijanami is their ultimate enemy. Interestingly, each player starts with the same storyline but all have different endings. Based on the existing story elements of Persona series, various genres of games were produced through remakes and spinoffs.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2015

The hatchability of the artificially induced hybrid between two groupers (family Serranidae), red spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara) and brown-marbled grouper (E. fuscoguttatus) that lives in different habit environment was investigated. There was no difference in the required time of each developmental stages after fertilization between hybrid (red spotted grouper ♀ ${\times}$ brown-marbled grouper ♂) and purebred (red spotted grouper ♀${\times}$♂) and required 25.6 hours to hatch at incubated in $25^{\circ}C$, but a noticeable unequal cleavage in cell size was observed in hybrid eggs unlikely to purebred. The hatching rate of fertilized eggs of hybrid was generally low across the four incubate temperatures (22, 25, 28, $31^{\circ}C$) with highest 9.8% in $25^{\circ}C$. This study demonstrated the possibility of artificial hybridization between two groupers, red spotted grouper and brown-marbled grouper, thus preparing the groundwork on developmental characteristics, deformities of hatched larvae and early survival ability for further studies on aquaculture.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2011

The micropyles on the prefertilized and artificial fertilized eggs of Epinephelus fasciatus were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The micropyles ($6.6{\pm}0.41\;{\mu}m$) of E. fasciatus eggs were found in the animal pole and theirs shape were observed as a flat crateriform of cylindrical shape. The micropylar vestibule arranged by 6~7 thickened spiral annuli on the ridge and contributed to differentiate and form fertilization cone for blocking to polyspermy by presenting swollen vestibule structure. As E. fasciatus eggs was pelagic, so chorionic surface was an uneven structures such as circular and fillar form nodules. Especially, various pores (0.15~0.55 ${\mu}m$, 230~270 pores) distributed at the only around micropyles, those pores radiately exhibited regular projection structures showing gill filament-shape. These ultrastructural characters of E. fasciatus eggs can be utilized in a taxonomical cue of grouper species.

• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.161-167
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• 1993

ZnO 바리스터의 비선형 전도특성은 입자의 구조로부터 설명할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 ZnO 바리스터의 입자구조에 트랩된 캐리어를 분석하기 위해서 TSC 측정 기법을 사용하였다. 측정 결과로 부터 네개의 TSC피크를 얻었다. 고온으로 부터 첫번째 두번째와 세번째 TSC피크의 기원은 각각 트랩, 도너 밀도 및 입계층의 트랩으로 나타나고 네번째 피크의 기원은 공핍층에 있는 도너 이온의 탈분극에 의해서 기인하는 것으로 사료된다. .alpha.$_{1}$피크의 활성화 에너지는 약 0.33-1.42eV였다. 또한 바리스터의 예비동작 영역에서의 전도특성은 .alpha.$_{1}$과 .alpha.$_{2}$피크의 값에 지배된다는 것을 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2009.07a
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• pp.1315_1316
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• 2009

ZnO는 비선형 전류전압 특성으로 인해 급작스런 과전류로부터 회로를 보호하는 바리스터로 널리 사용되고 있다. 이러한 바리스터의 전기적 특성 및 미세조직을 제어하기 위하여 다양한 첨가물을 넣은 ZnO 바리스터의 미세구조에는 대부분의 입자에 wurtzite 구조의 결정학적 극성이 바뀌는 inversion boundary (IB)가 존재한다. ZnO의 비선형 전류전압 특성이 반도성의 ZnO 입자간 계면에 형성되는 쇼트키 장벽에 기인함을 감안할 때 계면의 결정화학적 특성에 영향을 주는 IB에 대한 이해는 필수적이다. 본 연구에서 IB가 ZnO 바리스터의 성능에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 ZnO-$Bi_2O_3$에 각각 $Sb_2O_3$ 또는 $TiO_2$ 를 첨가하여 결정학적 특성이 서로 상반되는 IB를 유도하였고, 첨가량을 조절하여 모든 입자가 IB를 가지도록 하였다. 화학 에칭을 한 시편의 SEM 관찰을 통해 입자의 형상, 크기, 분포 및 IB의 결정학적 특성 등을 분석하였다. 각 시편의 바리스터 특성은 임피던스의 온도 의존성과 상온에서의 전류-전압 특성을 통해 평가하였다. 관찰된 전기적 특성들을 입내 IB의 결정학적 구조와 이로부터 결과되는 입계면의 극성의 차이를 통해 해석하고자 한다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.626-632
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• 2014

The genetic structure and phylogenetic relationship were investigated in Korean red spotted grouper populations using the nucleotide sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The COI gene was sequenced showed 99.1-99.8% identity with the EF607565 sequence previously reported. A total of twenty haplotypes were found, and the Korean population showed nineteen haplotypes. Among those, Hap_03 and Hap_08 showed Jeju-do and China-specific COI sequences, respectively. However, Hap_07 had twelve COI sequences from South Korea and records from Hong Kong and Taiwan. Neighbor-joining (NJ) trees constructed from the phylogenetic analyses based on the polymorphisms of the COI haplotypes showed a monophyletic branching pattern within the genus Epinephelus. This indicated that the red spotted grouper populations had evolved from common maternal ancestors. In addition, the Hap_08, which had the COI sequence recorded only from China Sea, was found in the middle of the NJ tree nearby Hap_07 and showed a close relationship with Hap_07. This indicates that Chinese red spotted grouper is also maternally related to other populations in East Asia. Consequently, East Asian red spotted grouper populations are maternally related, as well as sharing the same evolutionary history, and are still affected by the East Asian ocean current (Kuroshio). These findings help to explain the genetic structure and phylogenetic relationship of red spotted grouper and also contribute to research on artificial breeding and industrialization.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2019

The deformity occurring at the early developmental stage of red spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara) causes detrimental effects on the process of juvenile production. In this study, we have compared the expressions of several key genes (insulin like growth factor 1: IGF-1, bone morphogenic protein 4: BMP4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ: PPARγ, matrix Gla protein: MGP) for morphogenesis between normal and 2 types (cephalic and jaw) of deformed juvenile fish. Expression of these genes were investigated in the brain, liver and muscle of each group of fish (n=20) by real-time PCR. Expression of IGF-1 and BMP4 mRNA in the brain and liver showed significant difference between normal and deformed fish (p<0.05). However, no difference was observed in the expression of PPARγ and MGP mRNA between normal and deformed fish in any tissues. It seems certain that IGF-1 and BMP4 are associated with the state of deformity in juvenile red spotted grouper.