• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.21
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• pp.71-84
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• 2010

The current distribution structure in Korea film industry is in the multiplex chain. As a result, most small or medium-sized theaters have been excluded from the market, and all the multiplex chain have gradually been formed into the vertical integration structure. The strike by multiplex theaters in Chuncheon who did not screen for one month led to the problem of the vertical integration, which resulted in many effects. Particularly, it caused considerable effect on the cultural desire and instigated movie-goers to turn to illegal content. This study surveys the process in which Korean multiplex theaters in vertical integration structure took over the Korean film market, and consequently, small theaters collapsed, and the theaters in vertical integration structure kick out small theaters in horizontal integration structure, and conducts a survey on the effect of the one-month strike by Chuncheon CGV from September 27 to October 30, 2008 in Chuncheon where said processes had completed so as to determine the effect of and impact of the problem of the vertical integration, monopoly structure. When major consumers of the film industry, i.e., people in their 20s, see their access to newly released films limited due to closing of multiplex theaters, they feel the impulse to access illegal contents. If they miss viewing the newly released films, they prefer to view illegal contents or films on recording media rather than visiting theaters showing those films. They are also influenced by timing of film release. Specifically, methods of illegal access to newly released films, permanent accessibility to them via recording media, and timing of film release influence their viewing patterns.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.673-692
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• 2006

In order to test for the dynamic optimality condition for the use of nonrenewable resource, it is necessary to estimate the shadow value of the resource in situ. In the previous literatures, a time series for in situ price has been derived either as the difference between marginal revenue and marginal cost or by differentiating with respect to the quantity of ore extracted the restricted cost function in which the quantity of ore is quasi-fixed. However, not only inconsistent estimates are likely to be generated due to the nonmalleability of capital, but the estimate of marginal revenue will be affected by market power. Since firms will likely fail to minimize the cost of the reproducible inputs subject to market prices under realistic circumstances where imperfect factor markets, strikes, or government regulations are present, the shadow in situ values obtained by estimating the restricted cost function can be biased. This paper provides a valid methodology for checking the dynamic optimality condition for a nonrenewable resource by using the input distance function. Our methodology has some advantages over previous ones: only data on quantities of inputs and outputs are required; nor is the maintained hypothesis of cost minimization required; adoption of linear programming enables us to circumvent autocorrelated errors problem caused by use of time series or panel data. The dynamic optimality condition for domestic coal mining does not hold for constant discount rates ranging from 2 to 20 percent over the period 1970~1993. The dynamic optimality condition also does not hold for variable rates ranging from fourth to four times the real interest rate.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.407-427
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• 2004

The rapid innovation of information and communication technology and its sharp falling prices have brought about the expansion of the Internet, integrating the world as one space under converged space and time. This rapid expansion of the Internet and its application in the economy have spurred the emergence of the digital economy. The Internet has influenced strongly on the changes of not only economic activities but also political, social and cultural activities. In this context, a rapidly increasing Internet expansion renders the rhetoric about the death of distance and about the meaningless of geographical place. However, the development and expansion of Internet induces a growing digital divide among nations and also a spatial inequality in a nation as the supply of the Internet has concentrated towards demand-affluent large cities. A large gap of digital access has been occurred between high income and low income countries according to a measurement of the international digital access index. In a national level, the Internet backbone has been built around large cities which favor a large amount of the Internet demand, and the affordable accessibility of these cities for the Internet services has influenced strongly on the agglomeration of Internet related industries, further inducing the construction and investment of the Internet backbone into large cities as cumulative causation effects. As a result, the expansion of the Internet affects immensely on the changes of spatial structure in a nation resulting in the new spatial phenomena such as centralization, concentration and splintering in the digitalized space-economy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.2873-2878
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• 2009

Since Germany was unified in 1990, Korea became the only country that has the division in the world. This division has various bad effects on Korea's status with not reliable security, forfeited national impression, loss of tourism income and so on. Kim Jung-Il national defense committee chairman is the current dictator of North Korea which is a socialist state. Even if he is getting old, his successor is not proclaimed. In this situation, his sudden aggravation of health can cause seriously bad effects on diplomatic relations especially with South Korea. Therefore, the health information about Kim Jung-Il national defense committee chairman will be very important information. In order to deal this problem, we propose the method of extracting the Kim Jung-Il national defense committee chairman's health from his pictures which are recently open to the public by employing the diagnosis Ocular Inspection used in Oriental medicine. n order to get an accurate result, revising the Kim Jung-Il national defense committee chairman's pictures, which are not taken in a controled equal situation, is necessary. Therefore we employed the color analysis process with color revising and color differential comparing process without color revising. With these processes, we can make diagnosis of his diabetes and complications.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.313-318
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to the relationship between sleep disturbances and Burning mouth syndrome(BMS). BMS presents as a chronic burning sensation in the oral mucous membrane that is frequently associated with sleep disturbances. BMS is considered neuropathic pain condition with dysfunction of small diameter afferent sensory fiber. A review of the studies reveals, BMS suggested peripheral and cental nervous system changes. Sleep disruption or Rem sleep deprivation cause an inhibition of opioid protein synthesis and a reduced affinity of ${\mu}$ and ${\delta}$ opioid receptors. Let me say that sleep disturbances suggest a risk factor For BMS and support to evaluate as a part of BMS treatment. Further study will be required to ascertain the relationship between distruption of sleep continuity or Rem sleep deprivation and BMS and the evidence of altered neurochemical degeneration of BMS.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.14-24
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• 2010

Although the existing X-CASH card system observes the KS standard for a transportation card system, there has been an issue for interoperability between X-CASH and other public transportation system due to the partially undefined part in the standard. This issue is followed by the inconvenience of the existing X-CASH users. If the existing X-CASH card user wants to get any other public transportations which are not interoperated with X-CASH, the user would have to buy other cards. Consequently, some users have to bring more than one card with them. In addition, it is almost impossible that the existing X-CASH system operator makes the X-CASH card available for the infrastructure built by other cards operators because their technologies are too much different. The X-CASH operator must construct its own infrastructure on the same route and it would cause an unnecessary loss of expense and labor. To solve these problems, We modified the existing X-CASH system and developed the Nation-wide Interoerable X-CASH system which lets both the existing X-CASH card and Nation-wide Interoperable X-CASH card work. This developed X-CASH system consists of the purchase SAM, the purchase terminal and the settlement. And The conformity test for it was successfully authorized. Also we, KORAIL NETWORKS, have done the test-bed on this Nation-wide interoperable X-CASH system in Gwangju for six months with Telecommunications & Clearings, the HiPlusCard Corporation. This test confirmed that the Nation-wide Interoperable X-CASH system would practically work well.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.5879-5884
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• 2013

With the rapid industrialization and economical development, the electricity demands of the industrial facilities and densely populated large cities are continuing to increase in Korea. The increase in the power consumption requires the extension of power facilities, but it is difficult to secure spaces for equipment installation in the limited space of urban areas. In addition, the 154 kV or 345 kV transmission systems in Korea has a short transmission distance, and are connected to one another in network structures that ensure the high reliability and stability of power supply. This structure reduces the impedance during the fault in power system, and increases the magnitude of in the short circuit fault current. The superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) was devised to effectively address these existing problems. The SFCL is a new-concept eco-friendly protective device that ensures fast operation and recovery time for the fault current and does not need additional fault detection devices. Therefore, many studies are being conducted around the world. In this paper, based on the wiring method the initial fault current characteristics, current limiting characteristics, according to the incident angle and the change in inductance current limiting characteristics were analyzed in a multifaceted methods.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.612-616
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• 2007

오랫동안 홍수조절, 용수공급, 전력생산, 레저 활동을 위해 건설된 댐들은 하천이나 호소의 생태적 기능보다는 치수 및 이수기능이 중요시되면서 운영 관리되어 왔다. 하지만 최근 들어 선진국을 중심으로 환경 및 생태의 중요성이 인식되면서 하천생태계 보호를 위한 환경유량 산정이 언급되고 있는데 이는 하천이 동 식물의 서식처로서 적절한 수질뿐만 아니라 수심, 유속, 하상재료, 먹이원, 어류를 보호할 수 있는 휴식 및 은신처 등의 다양한 조건을 제공할 수 있어야 한다고 제시되고 있다. 이들 조건 중 유량(Flow)은 하천에서 생물집단을 구성하는데 있어 물리적 서식조건의 주요한 결정인자로 작용하는데, 댐 하류하천의 자연유량(natural flow)을 변화시키면 생태학적 측면에서 기대치 않던 영향을 야기할 수 있다. 따라서 댐 건설 전 후의 자연유량과 조절유량 사이에서 생태학적 어류조사연구를 통한 차이점을 찾는 것은 매우 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구의 최종목적은 수계 내 댐 건설 전 후의 어류군집과 유량 등 수리조건과의 연관성을 분석하여 하천구간별로 어류생태에 적합한 유량을 산정하는 것이다. 조사대상 구간은 금강본류를 대상으로 하되 용담댐과 대청댐을 중심으로 하여 10개 구간을 선정하였고. 과거로부터 2000년도까지와 용담댐 건설후인 $2002{\sim}2004$년도에 조사된 어류생태자료를 활용하였다. 용담댐 상류로부터 대청댐 하류에 이르기까지 전 구간을 대상으로 조사된 자료를 분석한 결과 총 20과 82종이 출현하였고, 이중 종 45종(54.9%)이 잉어과에 해당하며 미꾸리과(6종), 동자개과(4종), 망둑어과(5종)를 제외한 대다수의 분류군(Family)들은 단일 또는 2종으로만 구성되었다. 이들 중 천연기념물 제 259호로 지정되어 법적으로 보호되고 있는 어름치(금강에서 서식한 어름치를 따로 천연기념물 238호로 지정함)를 비롯하여 다묵장어를 포함한 7종의 멸종위기종이 확인되었다. 또한 각시붕어 등 총 29종(39.4%)의 높은 한국고유종 출현과 6종의 외래도입종도 확인되었다. 금강의 중 상류에 해당하는 구역을 포함하는 대청댐 상 하류 구간에서 대청댐 건설 전(1980년 이전)을 포함하는 2000년 이전 조사 자료가 가장 다양한 어류상과 특이어종(멸종위기종 및 한국고유종)을 보였고, 최근자료$(2002{\sim}2004)$를 살펴볼 때 용담댐 상 하류에서보다 대청댐 상 하류에서 멸종위기종(7종$\rightarrow$1종) 및 한국고유종(28종$\rightarrow$16종)의 출현감소와 외래도입종의 출현증가(1종$\rightarrow$6종)와 같은 주요한 어류군집 변화를 보였다. 이는 댐 건설에 따라 주로 계류성 어종을 중심으로 정수역 구간에서 인근 지류로 이동하게 되고 일부는 제한된 서식공간과 하천교란으로 인해 개체군이 극감하거나 일부 소멸된 종이 발생하였을 것으로 사료된다. 실측 유량자료 분석에 의하면 홍수기 최대유량 변화는 크지 않으나, 갈수기 최소유량은 크게 증가한 것을 알 수 있었고, 대다수 어류의 산란기인 봄철(5월, 6월) 최소유량은 증가하였으나, 최대유량은 감소한 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 변화는 어류생태계에 긍정적인 면과 부정적인 면이 있으며, 향후 이러한 영향을 분석하기 위해 선택어종(Target species)별 생태환경 서식조건을 확인할 수 있는 조사기법 및 자료구축이 절실히 필요한 실정이다.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.145-150
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• 2008

In this work we have studied the antifouling properties of the hydrophobic sol-gel modified sensing membrane and its optical properties for sensor application. E. coli JM109, B. cereus 318 and P. pastoris X-33 were cultivated in confocal cultivation dishes with glass surface, respectively. The glass surface was coated with the hydrophobic sol-gels prepared by the dimethoxy-dimethyl-silane (DiMe-DMOS) and tetramethyl-orthosilicate (TMOS). After cultivation, microorganisms adhered on the surface coated with sol-gels and glass surface were dyed by gram-staining method and the numbers of microorganisms were analyzed based on the image data of the scanning electronic microscope (SEM). A great number of microorganisms, about $2{\sim}3{\times}10^4/mm^2$, was adhered on the glass surfaces which no hydrophobic sol-gels were coated. But, the antifouling effect of the hydrophobic sol-gels was large, that microorganisms of less than $200{\sim}300/mm^2$ were adhered on the coated glass surface. The performance of the sensing membranes for detection of pH and dissolved oxygen was enhanced by recoating the light insulation layer prepared with the mixture of the hydrophobic sol-gel and graphite particles.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate feed value of imported hays and examine current situation of species and hay grade. To evaluate the quality of the imported hay, 133 pieces including 9 species of roughage types were collected at the national hay importers, the TMR companies and livestock farms from 2016 to 2018. The quality grades of imported hay were 3~4 and most imported hay were considered to had low. The ADF, Ash, TDN and DDM in feed composition of alfalfa by quality grades presented significant differences(p<0.05). The quality grade on alfalfa was not similar to the actual quality grades calculated through feed composition. The feed composition of grasses by quality degrees presented significant differences in all contents except DM and CP (p<0.05). As the distributed grasses of the unmarked quality grade was low quality and accounted for 49%, it is urgent to present quality standards based on feed composition. As these results, the grades of imported hays were lower than the marked quality grades. Therefore, the imported roughage's(hay) price that considered to only quality grades on the marked imported roughages(hay) package can cause a loss to the livestock farms as economic damage. An institutional arrangement should be established to review the quality grades of imported hay.