• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.214-220
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• 2006

Purpose: p53 is one of the most commonly mutated genes in human tumors. The aim of this study was to analyze p53 mutation in gastric cancer and its correlations with the clinicopathologic variables to clarify the usefulness of p53 mutation as a prognostic factor. Materials and Methods: Specimens from 331 patients with gastric cancer who underwent a gastrectomy between March 1999 and April 2001 at the Kyungpook National University Hospital were used. p53 gene mutations were assessed by using a polymerase chain-reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis. The correlations between p53 gene mutation and clinocopathologic parameters were analyzed. Results: p53 mutations were found in 66 (19.9%) tumors. Among those 66 cases, mutations were seen in 23 tumors at axon 5, in 8 at exon 6, in 21 at exon 7, and in 17 at exon 8. Two mutations were shown in 3 tumors. Thiriy-six (23.1%) of 156 intestinal-type tumors and 19 (13.1%) of 145 diffuse-type tumors showed p53 gene mutation (P=0.007). The frequency of p53 gene mutation didn't show any significant differences according to age, sex, stage, location, or gross type. Exon 5 mutations showed more frequently in intestinal-type tumors than in diffuse-type tumors (9.7% vs. 2.8%, P=0.024), and p53 mutation were more frequent in lymph nodes metastasis group than lymph nodes non-metastasis group with statistical significance (25.0% vs 15.6%, P=0.034). The five-year survival rate showed no statistically significant difference with p53 mutation (P=0.704). Conclusion: p53 mutations assessed by PCR-SSCP had little value as a prognostic factor after gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.99-113
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• 2010

Objective: It has been recently reported that very small stem cells with pluripotency are detected in murine and human. The purposes of this study are to confirm whether very small putative stem cells (VSPSCs), which have the proper characteristics of stem cells as well as the expression of stem cell markers, are detected in human endometrium. Methods: The endometrial cells of 5 women, which were obtained by endometrial biopsy, were cultured for 2 weeks and were confirmed for the expressions of alkaline phosphatase, OCT-4 and CXCR4 by immunochemistry. Subsequently VSPSCs were separated by percoll density gradient method and were cultured. Also VSPSCs and their derived cells were confirmed for the expressions of OCT-4 and CXCR4. Results: The colonies, which is composed with VSPSCs less than 3 ${\mu}m$ and the 5~15 ${\mu}m$ sized hyperchromatic round cells, were detected in the endometrium of all of women and showed the strong expressions of alkaline phosphatase, OCT-4 and CXCR4. In culture after the separation of VSPSCs by percoll, these cells showed the morphological and functional characteristics of stem cells; self-renewal, colony formation, embryoid body-like formation and differential plasticity. VSPSCs formed gradually the 5~15 ${\mu}m$ sized hyperchromatic round cells and the 10~20 ${\mu}m$ sized sphere-shaped cells by cell-to-cell aggregation or cell fusion. Then these cells differentiated the various cells including fibroblast-like cells, nerve-like cells and endothelium-like cells. VSPSCs and their derived cells often showed the strong expressions of OCT-4 and CXCR4. Conclusion: VSPSCs less than 3 ${\mu}m$ and their derived cells are detected in human endometrium and these cells have the proper characteristics of stem cells and the expressions of stem cell markers as alkaline phosphatase, OCT-4 and CXCR4.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 2002

In children, the snapping-knee syndrome is strongly suggestive of a diagnosis of discoid menisci. Furthermore the loss of extension of the knee suggests a diagnosis of torn lateral discoid meniscus. Symptomatic lateral discoid meniscus tear in a very young child, especially under the 3-year-old, was very rarely reported and the treatment protocol has not been established. Some therapeutic advancement was achieved in symptomatic lateral discoid meniscus but still technical difficulties exist. We undergone arthroscopic meniscal reshaping in a 26-month-old girl. At the time of postoperatively 2-year 9-month follow up, excellent result has achieved in clinical and functional outcome according to the scale of Ikeuchi without recurrence of symptom or postoperative complication. We reported out experience and results that arthroscopic reshaping procedure was done for management of symptomatic lateral discoid meniscus in a 26-month-old girl.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.215-225
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• 2001

Background: There are many evidences that inflammation is an important determinant of the development of atherosclerosis and one of the systemic markers of inflammation, C-reactive protein(CRP), is associated with extent of coronary artery disease and risk of coronary events. We assessed the time response of CRP response after coronary angioplasty and it's influence on the clinical restenosis in angina patients. Materials and Methods: Patients included 36 angina patients undergoing single vessel angioplasty. Levels of CRP were measured before and 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after angioplasty. Clinical restenosis was assessed at 6 months after procedure. Results: Baseline CRP level was $0.30{\pm}0.01$ mg/dL in stable and $0.46{\pm}0.28$ mg/dL in unstable angina patients(p<0.05). After angioplasty, CRP level was increased with peak at 24 hour and persisted to 72 hours after angioplasty. At 24 hour after angioplasty, the magnitude of CRP change was $0.32{\pm}0.31$ mg/dL in stable and $0.79{\pm}0.73$ mg/dL in unstable angina patient(p<0.05). The change of CRP level was not associated with troponin-T after angioplasty. In unstable angina patients, clinical restenosis was developed in 8% of patients with low baseline CRP levels and in 50% of those with high baseline CRP levels more than 0.6 mg/dL(p<0.05). Conclusion: In unstable angina patients, inflammatory response is more increased than stable angina patients, and increased inflammatory response effects on the restenosis after coronary angioplasty.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.5 no.4 s.20
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• pp.288-294
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• 2005

Purpose: Superficially spreading (SS) early gastric cancer (EGC) is characterized by wide horizontal extension without deep vertical invasion. It is a relatively rare form of EGC, and it's clinicopathological (C-P) characteristics are not evident. This study aimed to clarify their C-P characteristics. Materials and Methods: We defined SS EGC as invading less than the submucosal layer that measured more than 60 mm in diameter or wider than $5{\times}5cm \;(25cm^2)$ in width. The C-P characteristics and prognosis were compared between 69 patients with SS EGC and 319 patients with the common type EGC (EGC except SS type). Results: For SS EGC lymph node metastases, Lauren's diffuse type, lymphatic invasion were significantly higher than in common type EGC. In patients with SS EGC, all of the metastatic lymph nodes were anatomically distributed within the paragastric region, with fewer along the left gastric artery and common hepatic artery. In 6 cases of SS EGC with resection marqins less than 10 mm, there was no death during the follow-up period (4 to 13 years after operation) if margins were not involved. Age (>58 yrs), tumor site (upper 1/3), lymph node metastasis, submucosal invasion were statistically significant poor prognostic factor in univariate survival analysis. In multivariate survival analysis, age and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors. However, tumor diameter or width was not a significant prognostic factor. Conclusion: Although SS EGC has histologically distinct properties, gastrectomy with free surgical margins and appropriate lymph node dissection $(D1+{\beta})$ could be a suitable treatment.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.761-766
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• 2014

This study performs the analytical investigation of the oscillation voltages at the tanks of the series tuned varactor incorporating balanced common-drain, and common-gate Colpitts VCO which are able to work even at the sub-1V power supply voltages. The results the investigation predicts is verified by the simulation on the circuit behaviors of the two VCOs. The analytical investigation finds that the series tuned varactor incorporating balanced common-gate VCO generates greater oscillation voltage at the tank than the series tuned varactor incorporating balanced common-drain VCO does, which in turn is more suitable for generating the low phase noise oscillation signal from the sub-1V supply voltage than the series tuned varactor incorporating balanced common-drain VCO.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.121-124
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• 2009

Patellar fractures in children represent less than 2% of all patellar fractures including adults, and occur about 1% of all pediatric fractures. Because of property of the growing patella, osteochondral or avulsion fractures are more common in children and the most common type of patella fracture in children is sleeve fracture. Avulsion or sleeve fractures of the patella in children can occur at the superior or inferior pole of the patella. Most reported cases of sleeve fracture are involving the inferior patellar pole, but involving the superior patellar pole is very rare. We experienced a case of sleeve fracture occurred at the superior pole of the patella in a sixteen-year-old boy and report this case with literature review.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.403-411
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• 2021

While there is no apparent gender difference on the number of game players and playing time in market survey especially if the age group is under 30, there still exists a strong gender stereotype on female characters with sexual objectification especially in team based battle games. Furthermore, there seldom exists any research on female gamers in this genre. In this paper, we investigate the preference of female characters and reasons of their choice among female gamers with Overwatch and Cypers which are recognized as having enough female players. In Overwatch with 231 responses, subjects prefer 'girl-crush' characters such as non-sexual Ana who age is in 60s. However, in Cypers that does not have female warrior character, subjects' preference is more affected by appearance but those characters with less functional ability are not frequently used in playing. Such practical avatar choice is often discovered among male players thus there is no gender difference in this case.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.68 no.2
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• pp.131-160
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• 2016

In this study, we analyzed determination of punishment of victimizers presented in sentencing(81 plaintiffs, 95 sentencing) for 55 cases involving child maltreatment fatalities between 2001 and 2015. The results showed that about 40% of main victimizers were imposed relatively minor punishment such as probation or imprisonment for less than 3 years. Judgments that deviated from lower limit comprised large proportion in connection with compliance with standards for statutory punishment and punishment determination. The elements of punishment determination, such as earnest rearing of child, psychological pain arising from death of child, sense of guilt, motivation that can be considered, were found to have a significant influence on mitigation of punishment although such elements could be judged differently, depending on perception or subjective tendency of judges towards child abuse. Even abetters in a position to prevent death of child were imposed minor punishment mostly by probation or monetary penalty. This study presented the need to reconsider the circumstances of punishment determination which has been conventionally mentioned in cases involving child maltreatment fatalities, such as first offender, accidental crime, person with parental rights, fosters, agreement with family of the deceased, etc. Moreover, this study suggested the need to reinforce child abuse prevention training for law enforcement officers and to revamp standards for determining punishment unique to the cases of child abuse in the future.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2002

Background: Diffuse panbronchiolitis(DPB) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that presents as coughing, copious sputum, exertional dyspnea, which progresses to bronchiectasis. The pathogenesis of bronchiectasis is controlled by inflammatory mediators, which are closely related to mucus hypersecretion, goblet cell dysplasia. In recent studies, the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) system was reported to be associated with this process. It was hypothesized that a relationship exists between goblet cell dysplasia, EGFR expression, and inflammatory mediators produced by neutrophil. Method: Alcian blue/periodic acid -Schiff(AB/PAS) stain, MUC5AC, EGFR, CD16 immunohistochemical stain were examined to investigate a role for the EGFR system in a mucus hypersecretion in DPB using the lung biopsy specimens from 13 DPB patients and 6 controls. Results : In the DPB group, the AB/PAS and MUC5AC -stained areas were $8.31{\pm}3.36%$, $11.46{\pm}4.68%$, respectively. In the control group, the AB/PAS- and MUC5AC-stained areas were $50.5{\pm}5.77%$, $53.3%{\pm}6.67%$, which was significantly larger than in the DPB group (each comparison, p<0.05). The percentage of EGFR expression was $9.54{\pm}4.95%$ in the DPB group, but zero in of the control group. The extent of neutrophilic infiltration was $71.92{\pm}3.71$/5HPF in the DPB group and $45.0{\pm}5.73$/5HPF in the control group, which was statistically significant(p=0.002). Conclusion: The EGFR system is highly related to goblet cell dysplasia, mucus hypersecretion and neutrophilic inflammation in DPB.