• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
• /
• 2010.04a
• /
• pp.766-769
• /
• 2010

본 논문은 콘크리트 구조물 중 원전구조물에서 열화요인에 따른 미세구조적 변화에 대해서 평가하였다. 이는 원전구조물의 경우 열화현상이 발생하게 되면 일반 구조물에 비해 심각한 영향을 초래하기 때문에 기존의 열화 평가 방법에 의존하기 보다는 미세구조적 관점에서 콘크리트의 열화를 재평가해야 한다. 그에 일환으로 열화 요인 중 동결 융해와 황산염에 대한 미세구조 평가를 실시하였다. 동결융해의 경우, 미세구조적 관점에서의 미세공극의 양이 증가하는 것을 확인하였으나 그 증가 폭이 크지 않음을 알 수 있었으며, 물리적 실험에서도 그 변화가 매우 작음을 확인할 수 있다. 그리고 황산염에서는 초지 침지 구간에서는 플라이 애쉬를 사용한 원전 콘크리트 배합이 콘크리트에 더 유리하게 작용함을 알 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.973-981
• /
• 2002

Recently, the use of high strength concrete (HSC) has increased dramatically md however, few studies have been conducted on the early-age properties of HSC such as setting. The penetration resistance test (specified by KS F 2436) that is the standard test method for determining initial and final setting times of concrete, may not be appropriate for HSC because of the high viscosity of the mortar mixture. To address this issue, an ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) monitoring system was used to investigate the setting behavior of mortar and concrete. The experimental study was carried out to measure the UPV's of mortars and concretes having various water/binder ratios (W/B) and various fly ash replacement levels, during the first 24 hours of testing. Test results showed that the UPV in concrete was developed faster than that of mortar with the same W/B, and that of ordinary concrete was greater than that of fly ash concrete. Typical values of UPV were suggested that correspond to the initial and final setting times, based on following criteria: (1) the penetration resistance method; (2) the instant when the UPV begins to develop; and (3) the instant when the UPV development rate is maximum. The method and UPV monitoring device used in this study is promising for the setting assessment of concrete, particularly for HSC.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.17 no.5 s.89
• /
• pp.735-742
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the salt water resistance of concrete depending on various types of cement. In this regard, 5 types of concrete were selected and their strength, void ratio and chloride ion diffusion characteristics were tested, and mutual correlation were analyzed. From the test results, the compressive strength and void ratio of concrete which using Type V cement was as good as Type I cement at long-term ages but the chloride diffusion coefficient of Type V cement was larger than Type I cement. And the concrete replacing some portion of the Type I cement with fly ash was superior in the cases of compressive strength, void ratio and the resistance of chloride ion permeation compared to the Type I cement with the lapse of ages. On the other hand, the compressive strength, the void ratio and the chloride diffusion coefficient of the concrete all indicated high levels of the correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination regardless of the type of cement.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.283-290
• /
• 2009

Differently from fly ash, the bottom ash produced from thermoelectric power plant has been treated as an industrial waste matter, and almost reclaimed a tract from the sea. If this waste material is applicable to foam concrete as an aggregate owing to its light-weight, however, it may be worthy of environmental preservation by recycling of waste material as well as reducing self-weight of high-rising structure and horizontal forces and deformations of retaining wall subject to soil pressure. This study has an objective of evaluating the effects of application of bottom ash on the mechanical properties of foam concrete. Thus, the ratio of bottom ash to cement was selected as a variable for experiment and the effect was measured in terms of unit weight of concrete, air content, water-cement ratio and compressive strength. It can be observed from experiments that the application ratios have different effects on the material parameters considered in this experiment, thus major relationships between application ratio and each material parameter were finally introduced. The result of this study can be applied to decide a mix design proportion of foam concrete while bottom ash is used as an aggregate of the concrete.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.5-13
• /
• 2021

Due to population growth and industrial development, the amount of industrial waste is increasing every year. In particular, in a thermal power plant using finely divided coal, a large amount of coal ash is generated after combustion of the coal. Among them, fly ash is recycled as a raw material for cement production and concrete admixture, but about 20% is not utilized and is landfilled. Due to the continuous reclamation of such a large amount of coal ash, it is required to find a correct treatment and recycling plan for the coal ash due to problems of saturation of the landfill site and environmental damage such as soil and water pollution. In recent years, the use of a fluid embankment material that can exhibit an appropriate strength without requiring a compaction operation is increasing. The fluid embankment material is a stable treated soil formed by mixing solidifying materials such as water and cement with soil, which is the main material, and has high fluidity before hardening, so compaction work is not required. In addition, after hardening, it is used for backfilling or filling in places where compaction is difficult because higher strength and earth pressure reduction effect can be obtained compared to general soil. In this study, the possibility of use of fluidized soil using high water content cohesive soil and coal ash is considered. And it is intended to examine the flow characteristics, strength, and bearing capacity characteristics of the material, and to investigate the effect of reducing the earth pressure when applied to an underground burial.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.16 no.5 s.83
• /
• pp.621-626
• /
• 2004

The use of blast-furnace slag (BFS) in making not only normal concrete but also high-performance concrete has several advantages with respect to workability, long-term strength and durability. However, slag concrete tends to show more shrinkage than normal concrete, especially autogenous shrinkage. High autogenous shrinkage would result in severe cracking if they are not controlled properly. Therefore, in order to minimize the shrinkage stress and to ensure the service life of concrete structures, the autogenous shrinkage behavior of concrete containing BFS should be understood. In this study, small prisms made of concrete with water-binder (cement+BFS) ratio (W/B) ranging from 0.27 to 0.42 and BFS replacement level of $0\%$, $30\%$, and $50\%$, were prepared to measure the autogenous shrinkage. Based on the test results, thereafter, material constants in autogenous shrinkage prediction model were determined. In particular, an effective autogenous shrinkage defined as the shrinkage that contributes to the stress development was introduced. Moreover, an estimation formula of the 28-day effective autogenous shrinkage was proposed by considering various W/B's. Test results showed that autogenous shrinkage increased with replacement level of BFS at the same W/B. Interestingly, the increase of autogenous shrinkage is dependent on the W/B at the same content of BFS; the lower W/B, the smaller increasing rate. In concluding, it is necessary to use the combination of other mineral admixtures such as shrinkage reducing admixture or to perform sufficient moisture curing on the construction site in order to reduce the autogenous shrinkage of BFS concrete.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.783-794
• /
• 1994

Recently, several failure cases of concrete structures during construction have been reported. The main reason for these failures is attributed to the poor quality of concrete during construction. It is, therefore. necessary to develop and use high quality concrete. The purpose of the present study is to explore the characteristics of superplasticized concrete, especially the effects of mineral admixtures on the fluidity and strength characteristics of high performance concrete. The mineral admixtures considered in the present study are fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume, respectively. The major test variables include the amount of these mineral admixtures, cement contents and water-cement ratios. The compressive strengths for various cases were measured and reported. Optimum contents of mineral admixtures for strength development were derived. The corrosion phenomena of reinforcements embedded in various concrete specimens have been also studied. The present study provides useful basis to apply high-performance concrete to actual structures.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.1385-1390
• /
• 2012

Couple of laboratory for controlled low strength materials with bottom ash and recycled in-situ soil have been carried out. The optimum mix ratios for 4 cases with flowability and unconfined compressive strength were determined. The optimim mixing ratios were 25 to 45% of insitu soil, 30% of bottom ash, 10 to 20% of fly ash, 0 to 3% of crumb rubber, 3% of cement and 22% of water. Each mixture was satisfied the standard specification, minimum 20cm of flowability and 127 kPa of unconfined compressive strength. Two different curling methods, at room temperature and wet condition, were adopted. The average secant modulus(E50) was 0.07 to 0.08 * $q_u$. The compressive strength at wet condition showed 10% larger than at room temperature. The range of internal friction angle and cohesion for mixtures were 36.5o to 46.6o and 49.1 to 180 kPa, respectively. The mixture with crumb rubber(case 4) showed higher choesion and lower internal friction angle than the others. The pH of all the mixtures was over 12 which is strong alkine.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.64-71
• /
• 2015

Silica fume is generally adopted as admixture for Ultra High Strength Concrete (UHSC) owing to its remarkable contribution to the strength and durability but increases significantly the fabrication cost of UHSC. Accordingly, this study investigates the replacement of silica fume by blast furnace slag (BS) and fly ash (FA) in order to lower the fabrication cost of 80MPa-UHSC. To that goal, experiment is conducted on the mix proportions of mortar in terms of its binder combination, water-to-binder ratio (W/B) and unit binder content. Based on the experimental data, a mix design of concrete is derived and its properties are verified. The results reveal that a W/B of 21% and unit binder content of $720kg/m^3$ are appropriate to achieve 80MPa-UHSC using a binder composed of 60% of OPC, 30% of BS and 10% of FA. The properties of the corresponding UHSC are seen to be satisfactory with a slump flow of 715mm and compressive strength of 97MPa at 28days. The application of the binder combination derived in this study is analyzed to reduce the cost by 50% of binder compared to the mix using silica fume while realizing equivalent performance.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.88-94
• /
• 2013

The hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is well known as a hazardous ion, presumably inducing dermatic diseases and if serious cancer. The present study concerns the binding capacity of Cr(VI) ions in the cement powder and matrix for a quantitative technique of Cr(VI) ions in cement to influence human health. Both the water-soluble and acid-soluble Cr(VI) ions present in 3 types of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), pulverised fuel ash (PFA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and silica fume (SF) were measured using the spectrophotometer. As a result, it was found that the concentration of water-soluble Cr(VI) ion in cement ranged from 10.5 to 18.9mg/kg-cement, and in the additional materials a very low value of Cr(VI) ion was measured. Acid-soluble Cr(VI) ion was even higher than water-soluble Cr(VI) ion, ranging from 172.4 to 318.2mg/kg-cement. Nevertheless, the concentration of acid-soluble Cr(VI) ion is not proportional to addition of acid. It depends rather the variable pH of solvent involving cement paste. As enough cement hydration occurs, the binding capacity of Cr(VI) ion increases, inhibiting this ions from leaching out in the presence of hydration products such as ettringite or tri-calcium aluminate which bind Cr(VI) ion by ion-exchange.