• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1058-1064
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• 2012

A green manure crop were used in many ways, such as for reducing chemical fertilizer, improving physical and chemical properties of soils, protecting soil loss, and creating landscape when it's grown in agricultural land. Experiments were conducted to find out carbon emitted with applying green manure crops in paddy field. Amounts of carbon absorbed in the green manure crops during the winter were 1.22 ton $ha^{-1}$ in hairy vetch, 1,24 ton $ha^{-1}$ in barley, and 1.54 ton $ha^{-1}$ in hairy vetch/barley. The soil carbon content was the highest at days before transplanting of rice and decreased after days after harvesting the plant. Soil carbon contents were higher with hairy vetch or barley treatment than with hairy vetch/barley treatment. The content of emitted methane ($CH_4$) was the highest at 7 days after transplanting rice plant, and was 17 ~ 25 times higher with green manure treatments than with chemical fertilizer application. The $CH_4$ emission was the highest with hairy vetch treatment and than followed by hairy vetch/barley and barley treatments. The content of carbon absorbed in rice plant increased during the cultivation period but was not different with the applications of different green manure crops. The yield amounts of rough rice and rice strow were 5 ~ 13% higher with the green manure treatments than the chemical fertilizer application. In particular, they were the highest with hairy vetch/barley treatment as 14.07 ton $ha^{-1}$.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.24
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• pp.173-197
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• 2011

Through a story, the audience moves between fiction and reality. A story is an emotional experience that appeals to human feeling. The rational function of a story is to convey knowledge and information, and its emotional function is to touch the audience. Moreover, these aspects of a story are linked to its language, text, and imagery. This paper focuses on the emotional function of a story. In a experiential story, the audience's emotional response is a result of maximum dramatic communication between them and the characters. Through psychological and mental communion with the characters, the audience becomes immersed in the story when they emotionally identify with the characters, and dramatic communication is achieved. However, dramatic communication is mostly achieved instantaneously. The elements of a film need to be realized to sustain dramatic communication such that the audience continues to be immersed in the story. The audience can identify with the characters who are placed in real-life situations by considering the characters' external and internal aspects. External search pertains to the tangible aspects of the character such as its background, life, and conversation. Through the audience's external search, the characters communicate with the audience. Internal search deals with aspects of the characters' personality such as their self-concept, desires, and internal conflicts. Through internal search, the audience understands the inner side of the characters. In this process, a film director should ensure that the acting depicts the inner side of the characters. In other words, the director should perfectly depict the internal and external elements of a human on screen. Appropriate visualization can lead to dramatic communication with the characters and thereby create the audience's emotional response. Considering these techniques, this paper focuses on the scenes of the film "Poetry" in which dramatic communication with the characters creates the audience's emotional response. Accordingly, the audience plays a role in sustaining dramatic communication for the physical screen time of a film.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.5 s.116
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• pp.527-544
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• 2006

This study provides a definition of heat waves, which indicate the conditions of strong sultriness in summer, appropriate to Korea and intends to clarify long term(1973-2006) averaged spatial and temporal patterns of annual frequency of heat waves with respect to their intensity. Based on examination of the Korean mortality rate changes due to increase of apparent temperature under hot and humid summer conditions, three consecutive days with at least $32.5^{\circ}C,\;35.5^{\circ}C,\;38.5^{\circ}C,\;and\;41.5^{\circ}C$ of daily maximum Heat Index are defined as the Hot Spell(HS), the Heat Wave(HW), the Strong Heat Wave(SHW), and the Extreme Heat Wave(EHW), respectively. The annual frequency of all categories of heat waves is relatively low in high-elevated regions or on islands adjacent to seas. In contrast, the maximum annual frequency of heat waves during the study period as well as annual average frequency are highest in interior, low-elevated regions along major rivers in South Korea, particularly during the Changma Break period(between late July and mid-August). There is no obvious increasing or decreasing trend in the annual total frequency of all categories of heat waves for the study period However, the maximum annual frequencies of HS days at each weather station were recorded mainly in the 1970s, while most of maximum frequency records of both the HW and the SHW at individual weather stations were observed in the 1990s. It is also revealed that when heat waves occur in South Korea high humidity as well as high temperature contributes to increasing the heat wave intensity by $4.3-9.5^{\circ}C$. These results provide a useful basis to help develop a heat wave warning system appropriate to Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1980

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of heating periods on the physical and mechanical properties of maple (Acer mono Max.) by oven heating and heating in water at 100$^{\circ}C$ for 0, 2, 4, and 6 days respectively. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The green volume specific gravity due to oven heating decreased from 6 days of exposure, and that, due to heating in water decreased from 4 days of exposure. 2. The radial shrinkage due to oven heating decreased from 2 days of exposure, but that due to heating in water increased from 6 days of exposure. The tangential shrinkage due to oven heating decreased from 2 days of exposure, but that due to heating in water increased from 2 days of exposure. 3. The amount of water absorption due to oven heating decreased from 2 days of exposure, but that due to heating in water increased from 4 days of exposure. 4. The compressive strength pararelled to grain due to oven heating increased till 4 days of exposure but decreased from 6 days, and that due to heating in water decreased from 2 days of exposure. 5. The shearing strength pararelled to grain due to oven heating increased till 2 days of exposure, but decreased from 4 days of exposure, and that due to heating in water decreased from 4 days of exposure. 6. The bending strength due to oven heating increased till 4 days of exposure but decreased from 6 days, and that due to heating in water decreased from 6 days of exposure. The impact bending absorbed energy due to oven heating decreased from 4 days of exposure, and that due to hearing in water decreased from 2 days of exposure.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.395-405
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• 2009

The maturity of amber matrix and inclusion was studied to explore the effect of heat treatment on the formation of the sun spangle in the transparent Baltic amber from Gdansk, Poland. Optical microscope revealed two types of inclusions in the original amber samples. The inclusions in the amber which had sun spangle were dramatically expanded by the heat treatment, comparing to those without sun spangle which contains fissure and shows different refractive index. The amber sample which didn't show sun spangle after the heat treatment showed a strong carbon related peak in TOF-SIMS spectra and weak oxygen related peak. it means that the maturity of this amber sample is comparatively higher than the one with spangle. The two amber samples show similar IR spectra before the heat treatment. However, the amber which had sun spangle exhibited an additional 1019 $cm^{-1}$ absorption peak and a more intense 887 $cm^{-1}$ peak. The different chemical compositions between the two types of amber is believed to be due to the different absorption spectra between 1000~600 $cm^{-1}$. According to the study of DSC analysis, the two samples show different DSC profiles. Although they have the same geological origin, their geological ages are different and have different chemical compositions. Thus, they exhibited different behavior after the heat treatment. The formation of sun spangle seemed to depend on the difference in the heat expansion rate of amber matrix with different maturity and chemical compositions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1701-1708
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• 2007

Seed pelleting is generally conducted in order to save the labor for sowing and thinning by enabling the precision mechanical planting. In the present study, the influence of physical and chemical properties of pelleting solid materials was investigated on carrot seed germination. Among the pelleting solid materials evaluated, dialite, kaolin, and talc showed low bulk density and high porosity. Bentonite and dialite carried high water holding capacities of 184% and 173%, respectively, while calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, and fly ash showed relatively low water holding capacity. The pH of kaolin (6.8) and dialite (7.4) were close to neutral, while limestone (12.8), calcium oxide (13.0), and bentonite (10.0) were highly basic. High electro-conductivity was shown in limestone and calcium oxide. EDS analysis revealed that the main elemental compositions of talc were Si (71.0%) and Mg (29.0%), and those of calcium carbonate were Ca (66.6%), Si (22.9%), and Mg (10.5%). High granulation capacity was observed from talc and the mixture of talc and calcium carbonate. Seeds pelleted with bentonite showed the highest hardness. The dissolving type of the pellet layer after imbibition was split type in talc, limestone, zeolite, and fly ash, melt type in calcium carbonate and calcium oxide, and swell type in bentonite and vermiculite. The shortest dissolving time of pellet layer was observed from calcium carbonate and kaolin. The germination speed $(T_{50})$ was delayed as the size of pelleted seeds increased. The optimum size of pelleting was 19 ratio in carrot.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 2019

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) has a intrinsic function of inducing growth and proliferation of cells through interacting with cell membrane receptors in human epidermis and dermis layer. These functions of EGF are used as a main ingredient for wound healing medicines and anti-aging cosmetics. As a cosmetic ingredient, the EGF has a problem in exhibiting its natural efficacy due to the lack of the ability to penetrate through the stratum corneum, which is known as the skin barrier. In this study, a recombinant human epidermal growth factor ($MTD_{151}-EGF$) fused with the macromolecule transduction domain $(MTD)_{151}$ with the skin penetration ability was developed to improve the skin penetration efficiency of the EGF. Expression of $MTD_{151}-EGF$ was performed in E. coli transformed with a vector encoding the $MTD_{151}-EGF$ gene and then purified. The purified $MTD_{151}-EGF$ was evaluated using cell proliferation assay, cytotoxicity test and skin penetration test by franz diffusion cell assay and artificial skin. Cell proliferation activity of $MTD_{151}-EGF$ purified to high purity of 99% or above was equivalent to the EGF or better, and cytotoxicity was not observed. In addition, the $MTD_{151}-EGF$ showed an excellent penetration efficiency compared to the EGF in the skin penetration test with EGF and $MTD_{151}-EGF$ labeled by FITC in an artificial skin penetration model. Based on the quantitative analysis of the penetrating substance using franz diffusion cell assay, the amount of penetration was about 16 times more than that of EGF. These results can be regarded as an effective alternative to improve the existing physical transdermal penetration method related to the use of various active ingredients for cosmetics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1980

This study was carried out to examine the substitution possibility into fiber pot instead of Jiffy pot for the good transplanting. Fiber pot was made of fiber, wood waste particle, and bark powder (10% of the particle weight) and also latex was added into the furnish as a binder. The pots were sprayed with just enough urea solution to prevent nitrogen deficiency of pot media coming from the breakdown of wood fiber in the pot wan during the plant growing. The utility of fiber pot was compared with that of Jiffy pot in the service test of two tree species under a green-house condition. The results obtained can be summarized as follows ; 1. Fiber pot made of 30% wood fiber+70% particle including 10% of bark powder, and 3%-latex has shown a good results like that of Jiffy pot in the sp. gr., tear factor and burst factor. For water absorption, fiber pot made of 50% fiber+50% particle, and 3%-latex got the best result. In the consideration of the above physical and mechanical properties of the fiber pot for good root penetration through the pot wall and facile handling, fiber pot made of 30% fiber+70% particle, and 3%-latex may be seemed to be good. 2. There were no harms in sapling growth in fiber pot as well as in Jiffy pot. The root penetration ability through the fiber pot was slightly inferior to that of Jiffy pot, and yet the pot damage through transportation seemed to be slighter in fiber pot than in Jiffy pot.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.94-102
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• 2014

Cation exchange membrane (Nafion) was modified to reduce the vanadium ion permeation through the membrane and to increase the vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) system performance by coating the graphene oxide (GO) which has nano-plate like morphology. Modified membrane properties were studied by measuring the ion exchange capacity (I.E.C), water uptake and proton conductivity. The thickness of the coated layer on the surface of the Nafion membrane was observed as $0.93{\mu}m$ by SEM. Proton conductivity and vanadium ion permeability of the modified membrane were decreased to 27% and 25% compared to that of the commercial Nafion membrane respectively. VRB single cell performance test was performed to compare the system performance of the VRB applied with commercial Nafion membrane and modified membrane. VRB system applied with modified membrane showed higher coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency than the VRB system applied with the commercial Nafion membrane due to the reduction of the vanadium ion permeation. From these result, we could suggest that the membrane modification by coating the GO on the surface of the Nafion membrane could be one of the promising strategies to reduce the vanadium ion permeation and to increase the VRB system performance effectively.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1985

Three mild mutant strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were isolated from Nicotiana tabacum var. Samsun incubated at $38^{\circ}C$ for 10 days after inoculation with a wild type of TMV-OM strain. They were designated into Tg 5272, Tw 227 and Tw 333. All mild strains could be distinguished from TMV-OM by their reactions on different indicator plants. The mild strains induced the mild mottling without distinct symptoms, whereas the wild strain produced severe mosaic, rugose and stunting on tobacco and red pepper plants. Tw 227 and Tw 333 produced smaller necrotic spots than those of Tg 5272 and TMV-OM on N. glutinosa and Datura stramonium. The former two strains also produced ring spots and mosaic on Gomphrena globosa compared with necrotic spots by the latter strains. Three mild strains were serologically identical to TMV-OM. Their physical properties were thermal inactivation point $80-85^{\circ}C$, dilution end point between $10^{-4}\;and\;10^{-6}$, and longevity in vitro 7days or longer. Ultraviolet absorption spectra of purified preparations of the mild strains and TMV-OM were identical, with a minimum at 247nm, a maximum at 260nm, and a slight shoulder at 290nm. Electrophoresis of the strains in polyacrylamide-agarose gel showed that all the strains formed one major band and two minor bands, except for one minor band of Tw 333. However, when sodium dodecyl sulfate was added to the purified viruses before electrophoresis, each strain formed only one major band.