• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.62-73
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• 2015

The Tae-Jo Geonwolleung is the tomb of the first king Tae-Jo of the Joseon Dynasty in the complex of the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty which is listed in World Heritage, and it contains various types of stone properties. The material of the stone properties consist of a single type of medium-grained biotite granite, however, each properties have different intensity and types in deterioration phenomena according to their locations and purposes. The major deterioration types of the stones are analyzed as physical decomposition and biodeterioration. The exfoliation, breaking-out and granular decomposition are widespread types of the deterioration throughout the entire burial mound stone properties and surrounding stone properties. On the other hands, the colonization of mosses and plants, and contamination by foreign materials are found more frequent in the burial mound stone properties as these stones are in contact with the soil of the tomb mound and moisture in the soil helped biodeterioration. It is suggested that anti-biology treatment and physical reinforcement are applied to the deteriorated stones to prevent further damage on the stone components of the tomb.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the trail deterioration condition and to obtain the information for the desirable maintenance and restoration of trail in national parks. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; The physical characteristics of trail were surveyed at the total 778 point for 204.5 km in length. As a result, the average degree of trail was $14.6^{\circ}$, average trail width was 1.5m and average bared trail width was 1.1 m. Major deterioration types of trail were trail deepen (37%), root exposed, widen, diverged, rock exposed and slope erosion in order of frequency. Deterioration class of trail were that non-deterioration was 165.34 km (80.9%), heavy class was 9.08 km, middle class was 12.69 km and light class was 17.39 km and the deterioration rate was 19.1%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.315-320
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• 2016

This study was carried out to establish a management plan for urban forest trails with analysis of trail damage types and soil physicochemical properties on 3 urban forest parks in Jinju, Gyeongnam-do. We found that soil hardness was significantly higher in forest trails than forest area at 0 cm and 5 cm at a significance level of 0.05. However, we could not find any significant differences for other soil properties. For the trail damage types, the most common types were as follows: trail expansion (66%), trail erosion (59%), side road (57%), and trail boundary erosion and root exposure (41%). The results showed no difference in most of these types between the trails and forest area, indicating that the forest area might be damaged as well as the trails. Priority should be given to prepare measures that prevent soil compaction from overcrowded hikers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.105-113
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• 2010

This study is for the preservation plan of the tradition space which is performed by the damage status analysis through performing the value assessment. Especially, it is an experimental study for finding the process and methods by analyzing the major element for the value assessment of the selected object's damage status through the expert group who are systematized in their interest to conserve the traditional structure in traditional space. For that purpose, this study should be performed by the fundamental understanding of the physical property of the Supyo-bridge and the condition of the selected site's environment. Meanwhile, this study has been done that 'map of the damage status distribution' for making records of damage status of the Supyo-bridge on the property utilized field measurement adapted by photogrammetry and assessment guidelines, which are for investigation on damage status of objects that are standardized 'Raccomandazioni Normal' which could be said construction culture assets management guidelines of Italian government. As the result of investigation, damage status of each part in the Supyo-bridge was mostly composed of damage by sediment and corrosion and in case of 9 damage types including corrosion, in consideration of physical and chemical properties and distribution status of those elements, it is made an judgement that is not working as a threatened factor regarding security of the Supyo-bridge. On the contrary, for the improvement landscape, in case of 'Thermoclastism' phenomenon observed in 'upper floor', 'Myungae stone' and 'bridge pier' is that when taking it into consideration that is widely distributed concentrated on the bridge pier, surface reinforcement job along with elimination of damage part will be judged to be requested for earliest treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.117-121
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• 2011

기존 국내의 자연형 하천복원사업은 인위적으로 정비된 하천을 대상으로 훼손된 자연성을 되살리기 위하여 물리적 환경의 개선을 중심으로 진행되었으며, 저수호안의 안정성과 더불어 식생 피복율을 높이는 등 형태적 복원을 중심으로 사업이 시행되어 왔다. 이러한 자연형 하천복원사업은 하천의 생태적 특성에 대한 고려가 미비하여 하천이 생물서식처로서의 기능을 수행하는 데에는 효과적이지 못하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 하천의 물리적 특성에 의하여 형성되는 생물서식처와 이에 반응하는 생물들의 상호관련성을 분석하여 생물들에게 적합한 서식환경을 제공할 수 있는 기술을 개발하며, 하천유역의 환경 훼손으로 인하여 개체수가 급감하고 있는 종을 복원 목표종으로 선정하여 개발된 기술을 현장에 시범적으로 적용하여 기술을 검증함으로써 생물을 중심으로 한 자연과 함께하는 하천복원기술을 개발하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 우리나라의 중소하천을 대표할 수 있는 대표하천을 선정하여, 서식처 유형을 분류하고 각 서식처의 물리 화학 생태특성을 분석하였으며, 이를 통해 납자루아과 어종의 산란처 및 서식처로서의 역할을 하는 개방형 하도습지 조성 기술을 개발 및 시범적용 하였다.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.90-107
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• 2013

The Stone Monument of Taejong King in Heonreung Royal Tomb, Seoul was originally erected in 1424 to pay a tribute to Bang Won Lee's achievement who was named Taejong, the Third King of Joseon Dynasty. The monument has been damaged by Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 so that another monument was newly made and erected together with the original monument in 1695. The original monument was made of medium-grained biotite granite for the turtle base and medium-grained milky white crystalline limestone for the stele body and the top stone. The turtle base of the original monument is destroyed beyond the original shape and inscription due to irregular shaped breaking and a set of longitudinal crack. Analyzing the deterioration degree by using nondestructive methods, the 88 percentage of the front area and 38 percentage of the back area of the monument are damaged, and the lower part of the stele body is dominantly deteriorated especially due to the combination of discoloration and physical deterioration. The new monument in 1695 is also made of granite and limestone. The weathering indices of the turtle base and stele body stones by the calculation from ultrasonic velocity are 0.10 and 0.74, respectively. This is because the original monument is presumed to be degraded by heat shock and physical attack during the Japanese war, and the long-term outdoor exposure accelerated the weathering of the monument afterward without protective shelter.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.211-211
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• 2011

근래에 들어 환경문제의 사회적 부각과 함께 생태파괴적인 하천 정비 방식에 대한 대안으로 자연형 하천 환경 복원기법에 대한 시험 적용이 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 그러나 하천 복원에 앞서 하천 환경의 상태를 파악하고 진단할 수 있는 방법에 대한 연구가 미흡한 실정이다. 기존에 개발된 하천 질 평가 방법은 수질에 편향된 경향이 있으나 수질의 개선만으로는 생물 다양성의 발생 기반으로서 물리적 구조가 훼손된 상태에서는 생태적 복원의 효과를 달성하기 어렵다. 따라서 하천의 물리적 조건에 의한 구체적이고 비교적 객관적인 평가가 필요하며, 본 연구에서는 상기 평가를 바탕으로 작성된 하천 자연도 평가 지침에 의거하여 곡릉천 하류 일부 구간과 곡릉천의 지류인 벽제천을 대상으로 자연도를 조사하였다. 평가 결과 곡릉천 봉일천교 상류 2km구간의 저수로는 사행을 보였으며, 강변 사주 및 하중도는 없었으나 갈대 등과 같은 저수로변 식생이 있고 흙으로 조성된 인공제방으로 되어 있어 도심지의 정형화된 하천들에 비해 비교적 자연에 가까운 모습을 하고 있었다. 한편 하천 인근에 있는 아파트 등 주거지와 논, 밭 등의 경작지로 인한 오염원 유입 및 자전거 도로와 산책로 등 사람의 접근이 용이한 제외지의 이용으로 동식 물서식처로서의 기능이 저하될 것으로 우려된다. 곡릉천의 지류인 벽제천은 저수로가 사행을 유지하고 하중도와 사주가 형성되어 있으며 여울을 확인할 수 있었다. 하천 인근에 경작지와 제방도로가 있으나 인적이 드물고 차량 통행량이 적어 생태환경 훼손에 대한 우려는 적은 것으로 판단되 었다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.450-456
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• 2014

This study has been conducted to understand the deterioration state and to establish a management plan for the trails of Jeongmaek ridge. To find the extent of the deterioration, researchers investigated twelve physical factors and they examined the states of the trails qualitatively. The results are as follows. The extent of the damages to the trails of the Hannam Geumbuk-Jeongmaek ridge was 78cm in breadth, 6.4cmin depth, 20.8% in slope, the extent of the damages to the trails of the Guembuk-Jeongmaek ridge was 73cm in breadth, 7.3cm in depth, 20.0% in slope. And the extent of the damages to the trails of the Naknam-Jeongmaek ridge was 73cm in breadth, 6.7cm in depth, 17.7% in slope, the extent of the damages to the trails of the Guemnam-Jeongmaek ridge was 79cm in breadth, 6.7cm in depth, 19.7% in slope, which could be interpreted as relatively good. However, it was confirmed that damages to the trails that run through the urban areas and tourist attractions had become worse than in the past. Therefore, in the regions where the number of comers is expected to increase, more detailed monitoring and proactive management is required.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.33
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• pp.57-67
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• 2012

The Uiseong Tapriri Five-Storied stone pagoda has occurred exfoliation, granular disintegration and discoloration by physical and chemical weathering factors with the major deterioration occurring due to efflorescence by salt. According to the results of SEM-EDS and X-ray diffraction analysis, salts consists of gypsum, taranakite. Artificial salt weathering tests were carried out using the same type of rocks as those in the stone pagoda. The test results showed that efflorescence occurred on the surface of the rock, and that exfoliation and granular disintegration occurred inside the rock due to salt crystallization.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.74-85
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• 2020

Darangnon in Gachon Village, Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, is the first designated environment among Korea's industrial-based historical and cultural sites and is still the only one that involves agricultural activities. Although the stonework, which is the infrastructure environment here, has limitations that inevitably lead to natural and artificial deformation due to its nature, there has been no research to consider the situation so far. As of the end of May 2020, this study investigated and analyzed the damage in the sub-area of the survey, which is approximately 30% of the scope of the designation of the scenic spot, from a quantitative and qualitative perspective. As a result of the study, the state of loss, which reveals the physical damage of the arctic rice paddy stone retaining wall in the environment under investigation, was particularly serious around the coast, in the northern area with high slopes, and near tourist information centers and parking lots. On the other hand, the qualitative aspect of the damage to the stonework was noticeable in the repair of heterogeneous materials on the stone retaining wall adjacent to the village and parking lot, and the landscape damage caused by the cladding of plants was found in an environment far away from the residence. In addition, natural environmental factors such as slopes, elevations, and soil showed a close relationship with the degree of physical damage of the stone retaining wall, the higher the slope, the higher the elevation, and the better the soil drainage, the greater the impact. These results suggest that humanities environmental factors such as cultivation activities and management entities have important factors in the physical damage and management of stone retaining wall. Therefore, it is deemed essential to find management measures with local residents along with improving the agricultural environment, such as securing agricultural water and soil improvement, for the preservation of tuna paddies and stone retaining wall in the future.