• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.62-65
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• 2008

In this paper, we estimated the D147 mode test, which is introduced as a new emission test mode for the driving car using diesel fuel. And we compared the D147 test mode, Lug-Down3 test mode and no load acceleration test mode. And the exhaust gas concentration between the three modes was compared. The exhaust concentration at the D147 mode is lower than the exhause concentration at the Lug-Down 3 mode and higher than that at the no load acceleration test mode. Also the correlation factor was estimated between the D147 mode and Lug-Down 3 mode.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.56-61
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• 2001

In recent years, the environmental demage to urban area becomes serious problem due to the exhaust emissions by increasing the number of vehicle. The proportion of diesel vehicle is very high in this country. Exhaust gas emitted from the diesel-powered vehicle is severly affecting to the air quality. In this study, light-duty diesel engine was studied on the improvement of exhaust gas testing method. Therefore the results obtained effective load method among testing method. It is deserve to test of the PM for the environment.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.386-393
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• 1999

Objective : Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with heart and lung problems is used to assess functional capacity, evaluate responses to medical treatment, plan for exercise therapy, assess progression of disease process, and determine prognosis. Particularly in the patients with lung cancer, the exercise pulmonary function test gives significant physiologic assessment of the lung resection candidate. Common exercise modalities are running and cycling. Until now, the comparison of two tests mainly has been done in normal person and patients with cardiac diseases. This study is designed to compare the treadmill and bicycle exercise pulmonary function test in patients with respiratory diseases. Methods : Twenty one patients underwent a progressively incremental exercise test to the symptom-limited stage with the treadmill (Vmax29 Sensor Medics, USA) and the bicycle(model No. 2,900 Sensor Medics, USA) with 7 days apart between the two tests. Measurements were made of the metabolic, cardiorespiratory parameters, blood gases, and symptoms. Results : The results of the treadmill exercise showed significant elevation in the $VO_2$max, VEmax, and anaerobic threshold compared to those of bicycle exercise. In contrast, the results of the breathing and heart rate reserve showed the reverse. Conclusion : These results suggest that the type of exercise should be taken into consideration when interpreting exercise test in patients with respiratory diseases.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2009

The cardiovascular disease has been known as a common cause of death for a long time in the west. The eating habits of Asia, including Korea, have changed recently, so that this disease is also a problem in Asia now. Annual Report on the Cause of Death Statistics from 1996 to 2006 reported that the cardiovascular disease would become the number one cause of death in the next $5{\sim}10$ years. Therefore we realize that more accurate examination is required. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of Calcium-scoring CT and the relationship between risk factor and quantitative scores of Calcium-scoring CT. Through this study we expect that the national public health will be improved. Seventy patients with chest pain were chosen at random. The patients were undergone both coronary CT antigraphy and Calcium - scoring CT at G hospital in Incheon from February 1 to June 30, 2008. The result of the Calcium-scoring CT showed its usefulness for Ischemic cardiovascular disease, with an accuracy similar to that of exercise/pharmacologic stress or ECG when it is difficult for a patient to exercise due to joint problems, aging or for other reasons.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.40-46
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• 2020

Inspection of vehicle systems is regularly performed by the state to ensure the emission status and the safety of vehicles. Thereby, the safety and quality of life can be improved by reducing green-house gases and fine dust, which are the main causes of vehicle defects and air pollution. This study analyzed the soot measuring probes used in the free acceleration mode method, at no-load condition, looking at the efficiency of a probe to measure soot emissions from diesel vehicles. In this study, a technique that can improve the inhalation efficiency of the probe over the (a) probes and the improved (b) probes was applied to probes (c). Probe (c) involves a structure designed close to the center of the circumference of the exhaust pipe. Results showed that the suction efficiency was improved by adding a variable center unit.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2022

When an ankle lateral malleolar fracture is accompanied by a deltoid ligament rupture without a medial malleolar fracture, such an injury is called a bimalleolar equivalent fracture. This means that even if there is no bony injury on the medial side, there may be functional instability of the ankle joint due to damage to the deltoid ligament. Manual or gravity external rotational stress radiography is used to differentiate an ankle bimalleolar equivalent fracture from an isolated lateral malleolar fracture. If the medial joint gap is widened on the stress radiography, the deltoid ligament injury can be diagnosed, and surgical treatment for fibula fractures is recommended. After open reduction of the fibula fracture (with syndesmotic fixation if needed), a decision on the repair of the deltoid ligament is taken depending on the surgeons' preference and intraoperative findings. The deltoid ligament repair is performed by inserting a suture anchor (or anchors) in the medial malleolus and fixing the deep and superficial deltoid ligaments to the medial malleolus. The only randomized study to evaluate the utility of deltoid ligament sutures in ankle fractures did not support the deltoid ligament suture, but the study itself had many limitations. An appropriately powered, randomized, controlled trial of the deltoid ligament repair with both patient-reported outcome and radiographic outcome evaluation is needed in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2010

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the postoperative knee stability and functional scores between single- and double- bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction at a minimum 2 years follow-up. Materials and Methods: 56 patients (group T) with ACL injury in one knee were recruited with 27 allocated to the double bundle ACL reconstruction group (group D) and 29 to the single bundle ACL reconstruction group (group S). Clinical outcomes including Lysholm knee scores, Tegner activity scores, Lachman and pivot shift test results, and radiographic stabilities were also compared between two groups. Results: Clinical outcomes including Lysholm knee and Tegner activity scores were similar in the two groups at 2 years follow-up. Furthermore, stability results of Lachman test, pivot shift test, and radiological findings failed to reveal any significant inter-group differences. Conclusion: Double bundle ACL reconstruction does not produce better in clinical outcomes and postoperative stabilities.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.231-238
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• 1999

Background: Nocturnal hypoxemia occurs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and the detection and treatment of nocturnal hypoxemia should be part of the management of COPD patients. We performed this study to evaluate the factors influencing to sleep related arterial oxygen desaturation($SaO_2$) in patients with COPD. Methods: Resting and exercise cardiopulmonary function test, polysomnography, and $SaO_2$ during resting, exercise and sleep were measured in 12 patients with COPD. Results: The $SaO_2$ fell twice as much during sleep as during maximal exercise($13.1{\pm}9.3%$ fall in nocturnal $SaO_2$ vs. $6.4{\pm}3.3%$, p<0.05). Fall in nocturnal $SaO_2$ was well correlated with mean exercise $SaO_2$(r=-0.78, p<0.05), minimum exercise $SaO_2$(r=-0.90, p<0.01), and resting $SaO_2$(Cr=-0.82, p<0.05). Lowest sleep $SaO_2$ was well correlated with mean exercise $SaO_2$(r=0.80, p<0.05), lowest exercise $SaO_2$(r=0.90, p<0.01), and resting $SaO_2$(r=0.84, p<0.05). Conclusion: Resting and exercise $SaO_2$ was well correlated with nocturnal $SaO_2$, but exercise study add no additional information to predicting the nocturnal oxygen desaturation in patients with COPD.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.511-516
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• 1992

Background: It is well known that cigarette smoking is the risk factor of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischemic heart disease. But there are few reports about the immediate effect of cigarette smoking on the cardiopulmonary functions. The serum level of carbon monoxide increases during cigarette smoking. It is known that carbon monoxide increases respration rate, heart rate and cardiac output, with decrease in maximal oxygen consumption. So we have studied to determine the immediate effects of cigarette smoking on the cardiopulmonary function during exercise. Method: Thirteen healthy smoking male subjects were included in this study. Each subject was undertaken pulmonary function test and incremental exercise test on two separate days, one without smoking (control) and the other after smoking three cigarettes per hour for five hours. The order of the two tests was randomized. Results: 1) The mean age of the subjects was $25{\pm}4.9$ year-old and the mean smoking history was $6{\pm}5$ pack years. 2) The mean blood level of carbon monoxide on the smoking day was higher than that on the nonsmoking day ($5.97{\pm}1.34%$ vs. $1.45{\pm}0.83%$; p<0.01). 3) The mean maximal oxygen consumption on the smoking day was lower than that on the nonsmoking day ($2.09{\pm}0.32$ L/min vs. $2.39{\pm}0.32$ L/min; p<0.05). 4) The mean anaerobic threshold on the smoking day was lower than that on the nonsmoking day ($1.33{\pm}0.24$ L/min vs. $1.53{\pm}0.20$ L/min; p<0.05). 5) The mean heart rate at rest on the smoking day was higher than that on nonsmoking day ($84.38{\pm}11.06$ beats/min vs. $75.46{\pm}5.83$ beats/min; p<0.05). But the means of maximal heart rate on both days were not different. 6) The pulmonary function tests were similar on both days. Conclusion: There was no change in pulmonary function test, but the maximal oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold were decreased on the smoking day. So it was concluded that cigarette smoking impaired the cardiovascular functions immediately during exercise.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2006

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a critical disease with higher rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to myocardial ischemia and infarction. There is glowing interest in how to determine high-risk patients who are candidates for screening testing. This study was performed to evaluate the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetic patients detected by Tc-99m MIBI myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) and to assess risk factors of CAD and cardiac hard events. Subjects and Methods: 203 diabetic patients (64 male, mean age $64.1{\pm}9.0$ years) who underwent MPS were included between Jan 2000 and July 2004. Cardiac death and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) were considered as hard events, and coronary angioplasty and bypass surgery >60 days after testing were considered as soft events. The mean follow-up period was $36{\pm}18$ months. Patients underwent exercise (n=6) or adenosine stress (n=197) myocardial perfusion SPECT. Results: Perfusion defects on MPS were detected in 28.6% (58/203) of the patients. There was no cardiac death but 11 hard events were observed. The annual cardiac hard event rate was 1.1%. In univariate analysis of clinical factors, typical anginal pain, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral polyneuropathy, and resting ECG abnormality were significantly associated with the ocurrence of hard events. Anginal pain, peripheral vascular disease, and resting ECG abnormality remained independent predictors of nonfatal MIs with multivariate analysis. Abnormal SPECT results were significantly associated with high prevalence of hard events but not independent predictors on uni- and multivariate analyses. Conclusion: Patients who were male, had longer diabetes duration (especially over 20 years), peripheral vascular disease, peripheral polyneuropathy, or resting ECG abnormality had higher incidence of CAD. Among clinical factors in diabetic patients, typical angina, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral polyneuropathy, and resting ECG abnormality were strong predictors of hard events.