• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2020

PURPOSE: This study compared the activities of the trunk muscles during crutch walking to determine which of the crutch length measurements is most beneficial. METHODS: Twenty young women volunteered to participate in this study. After adjusting crutch length, the participants performed a three-point walking with nondominant leg limited in weight bearing. This study used six crutch length measurements: (1) Height-40.6cm, (2) Height'.77, (3) Olecranon-to-finger length, (4) Axillary-toheel length, (5) Arm-span length-40.6cm, and (6) Arm-span length'.77. The EMG activities of the internal oblique (IO), rectus abdominis (RA), multifidus (MF), and erector spinae (ES), muscles on the weight bearing side were monitored using wireless surface EMG. RESULTS: The EMG activities of the RA and ES appeared to be significantly different among the crutch length measurements (p<.05). The post-hoc test showed that the 'Arm-span length-40.6cm' was significantly greater in the RA activity when compared to the 'Height'.77' and 'Axillary-to-heel length' measurements, and in the ES activity when compared to 'Height'.77' measurements. Furthermore, IO/RA and MF/ES ratios showed significant differences among the crutch length measurements (p<.05). In the post-hoc test, significant difference was observed between 'Olecranon-to-finger length' and 'Arm-span length-40.6cm' for the IO/RA ratio, and between 'Height'.77' and 'Olecranon-to-finger length' and between 'Height'.77' and 'Arm-span length-40.6cm' measurement for the MF/ES ratio. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the 'Height'.77' measurement is relatively advantageous to optimize the activities of trunk muscles during the crutch walking, and allow simple measurements of the crutch length.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 1988

The treatment of tibial shaft fracture has become one of the most controversial subjects in orthopedic surgery. Comminuted, segmental and rotationally unstable fractures or bone defect at fracture site have problems of the fixation. The interlocking nail solve these problems. We have experienced 8 cases of the tibial shaft fractures treated with interlocking nail from 1986 to 1988. Authors analysed these cases and our own clinical study. The results were as follows. 1. The average bone union rate was about 15 weeks. 2. The interval between operation and crutch walking was 4:3 weeks. 3. The merits of this operation were the short hospitalization and early adaptation of social activity. 4. The advantage is be able to do early ambulation without following muscular atrophy or joint stiffness. 5. The results were assessed on clinical examination and radiographic appearance by Hamza et al. An excellent results were 7 cases and good result was 1 case.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 1979

This experiment was carried out to know the effects of soil water potential of cutting bed and relative humidity on the rooting of stem cutting in the field plots. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The most number of the rooted cutting was found from 70 to 80% of relative humidity in Spring and from 90 to 100% in Summer respectively. 2. It was found that the number of rooted cutting was the least in the range of 0 to-0.006 bar of soil water potential of cutting bed in the case of Spring cutting, whereas in Summer the number of the rooted cutting was the most one in the range of -0.049 to -0.124 bar of soil water potential of cutting bed. 3. High signification was recognized between the relative humidity and the number of the rooted cutting only in the Spring cutting, but that of soil water potential and the number of the rooted cutting was found to be significant in every season.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.243-253
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of systolic blood pressure, heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption on 3-point nonweight bearing ambulation with axillary wooden crutch according to age. The subjects were fifty healty volunteers(22 male, 28 female), ages from 20 to 69(mean age of 43.8 years) with no history of cardiovascular or respiratory disease, diabetes mellitus, arthritis and orthopedic disorder within the past three years. This study was carried out from May 10 to August 10, 1996. The data were analyzed by percentage, mean and standard deviation and ANOVA. The results were as follows : 1. In systolic blood pressure(SBP), there was no significantly change between before walk and after 20 m in crutch walking with age, however, there did differ significantly after 40 m and 60 m in crutch walking(p<0.01, p<0.001). 2. In heat rate(HR), there was no significantly change between before walk and after 20 m, 40 m in crutch walking with age, however, there did differ significantly after 60 m in crutch walking(p<0.05). 3. In myocardial oxygen consumption($MVO_{2}$), there was no significantly change between before walk and after 20m in crutch walking with age, however, there did differ significantly after 40 m and 60 m in crutch walking(p<0.01, p<0.001). These result showed that cardiovascular system had a great effect on the olderly when 3-point nonweight bearing ambulation with axillary wooden crutch. Therefore, when train for axillary crutch in the olderly, we needed suitably basis of walking distance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.3
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• pp.302-308
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• 1990

This study was conducted to determine the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and ortet ages on the rooting of Quercus acutissima cuttings. The cuttings taken from 12-week-, 2-year-, 4-year-, and 20-year-old plants were rooted in mid summer in the rooting medium (vermiculite 2 : peatmoss 1 by volume) with or without Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) and Glomus sp. inocula and IBA under intermittent misting system in an open shed. The average percentages of rooting were about 82%, 49%, 29%, and 13% for cuttings taken from 12-week-, 2-year-. 4-year-, and 20-year-old seedlings, respectively. Pt inoculation, enhanced rooting of cuttings at all age classes, except 12-week-old seedlings, with the highest enhancement(22%) observed in cuttings taken from 20-year-old trees. The highest percentage of rooting in each age group eras 88.9% in 12-week-old seedlings treated with Pt plus 3.000ppm IBA, 75% in 2-Year-old plants with 1,000ppm IBA, 58.3% in 4-year-old plants with 3.000ppm IBA and 22% in 20-year-old plants. The addition of Glomus sp. fungus inoculum failed to enhance rooting. Pt mycorrhizal inoculation enhanced root dry weight, length, and diamter of adventitious roots at cuttings taken from 12-week- and 20-year-old trees, except the cuttings taken from 4-year-old seedlings. Rooted cuttings had more total nitrogen content in the leaves than unrooted cuttings, and the greater rooting response was associated with the higher phosphorus content in the leaves.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.300-308
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• 1996

This study was conducted to identify factors involved in rooting of Japanese larch cuttings. Cuttings were taken every week from June 24th to July 25th before and after the 10th of July which supposed to be best time for cutting. The content of IAA, carbohydrate, nitrogen and inorganic elements such as $Mg^{{+}{+}}$, $K^+$ and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ within cutting materials were analyzed. After the cuttings were planted, the root development was observed every week. Cuttings of easy-to-root clones were higher in IAA contents than the cuttings of hard-to-root clones at the time of cuttings were taken. There were significant differences in moisture content of cuttings taken on June 24th and July 25th between easy-to-root and hard-to-root clones, however no significant differences in moisture contents were observed between them taken on the 8th and 15th of July which supposed to be the best time for cutting. Inorganic matters and carbohydrate contents of cuttings taken from hedged trees were higher than those of non-hedged trees. The ratios K/C and C/N of cuttings taken from hedged trees were higher than those of non-hedged trees. Cuttings taken from easy-to-root clones showed higher content of carbohydrate and nitrogen than those of hard-to-root clones. The contents of inorganic elements, such as $Mg^{{+}{+}}$, $K^+$, and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ in cutting taken from hard-to-root clones were slightly higher than that of easy-to-root clones. The ratio C/N and K/C of cuttings which were taken from easy-to-root clones have shown a similar trend of carbohydrate and nitrogen. These data indicate that there was no one dominant factor that affect rooting of cutting, but many factors such as contents of IAA, carbohydrate, nitrogen, phosphate, and ratios of C/N and K/C appeared to affect on rooting of cuttings variously. Most of root initials were formed from phloem tissue within one week after cutting, and few were formed from callus tissue. Root primordia were developed from root initials within two weeks after cutting, and most of new roots were developed from root primordia within about five weeks after cutting.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.205-210
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• 1994

This study was conducted to develop a method of mass production by cutting of superior genotypes of Larix leptolepis and to examine the effects of ortet age, clone, crown position, and an applied plant growth substance upon the rooting of cuttings. Four different ortet ages, 2, 8, 16 and 30 years and three levels of root-promoting substances, indole butyric acid(IBA), at 1000, 2000, and 5000ppm were employed. Greenwood cuttings were taken from mother trees in late July and rooted for three months in rooting medium containing peatmoss : vermiculite : perlite(1 : 1 : 1 by volume). with temperature controlled at $20-25^{\circ}C$, humidity by intermittent misting and light by partial shading in the greenhouse. Cuttings treated with 1000ppm IBA showed highest rooting, with 80%, 71%, 52%, 25% for 2-, 8-, 16-. 30-year-old ortet, respectively. Untreated cuttings showed rooting of 52%, 48%, 36%, 20% for the ortet age of 2, 8, 16, 30 years, respectively. The average number of adventitious roots decreased with increasing ortet age from 2 to 30 years, whereas IBA treatment increased the number of roots in all ages. A variation in rooting among 20 clones tested was observed. The 4 clones, Chungnam 6, and 7 and Chonbuk 1, and 9 showed good rooting of about 67%, while Kangwon 49 showed boor rooting of 40% at 1000ppm IBA treatment. When crown position was compared, cuttings taken from middle crown showed highest rooting of 60%, while cuttings from upper crown showed lowest rooting of 53%.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.269-278
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• 2002

To establish the mass propagation methods of Weigela subsessilis,, a promising native plant species for horticultural use, several factors influencing rooting from stem cuttings were evaluated. Softwood cuttings showed best rooting rate, 70~77%, in all the cutting media tested, 2.8 times more than hardwood cuttings in which perlite was best medium. The rooting from hardwood cuttings was promoted by higher concentration of all growth regulators used,500 mg.L$^{-1}$ NAA being the best with 80%. More than 80% of softwood cuttings treated by growth regulators produced roots, especially 100, 500, and 1000mg.L$^{-1}$ NAA producing 97％. Roofings from semi-wood cuttings was enhanced by all the growth regulators, except 1000 mg.L$^{-1}$ concentration in which rooting was reduce. Higher rooting rate was obtained by higher concentration and longer soaking duration of NAA in case of hardwood cutting. Softwood cutting showed 100 ％ rooting by soaking treatment with 500 mg.L$^{-1}$ NAA for 3 min. Rooting rate of semi-hardwood cuttings was promoted by higher concentration and longer soaking with growth regulators, However, the degree of improvement was lower than soft and hardwood cutting.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1973

This study was investigated the methods of vegetative propagation for new Lespedeza varieties. Experimental matterials were used 6 Lespedeza species; L. maximowiczii, L. cyrtobotrya, L. angustifolioides, L. bicolor, L. maximowiczii var. tomentella, and L. japonica var. intermedia. In April a year branches were cut 15-20cm length and 3-4mm thickness and planted in sand bed (depth 150cm) to be sterilized by the 0.1% solution of Uspulun. And then the cutting beds were irrigated and shaded. The results are as follows. 1. The rooting rates of the cuttings could be found so variable among varieties from 69% of L. maximowiczii var. tomentella to 50.3% of L. japonica var. intermedia. 2. The growth performance showed statistically significant difference at 1% level among varieties. L. maximowiczii was the best, while L. japonica var. intermedia showed the wrost growth performance of them. 3. The average number of roots with more than 5 cm length per stock was revealed statistically significant difference at the 1% level among varieties from the greatest number of 6.4 of L. maximowiczii var. tomentella to the smallest number of 2.3 of L. japonica var. intermedia. 4. Total average length of the roots per stock was statistically significant so different at 1% level from the longest 279.8cm of L. maximowiczii var. tomentella to the shortest 41.1cm of L. japonica var. intermedia. 5. The average ndules with more than 1 mm in diameter per stock was statistically significant so different at 1% level among varieties from the greatest number of 34.4 of L. maximowcizii to the smallest numqer of 4.6 of L. japonica var. intermedia.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.100-104
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• 2018

Purpose: An axillary crutch is the most commonly used assistive device in foot and ankle patients who require nonweightbearing. On the other hand, its use frequently induces axillary or wrist pain and critical neurovascular injuries have been reported in several studies. This study compared the clinical outcomes of patients using the knee walker and axillary crutch. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed comparing the utility of a knee walker and axillary crutch as a nonweightbearing ambulatory aid for 62 foot and ankle patients treated between November 2016 and March 2018. A comparative study of the two orthosis could be performed because all the patients temporarily used an axillary crutch before or after the use of a knee walker. A demographic study and comparative analysis based on the visual analogue scale (VAS) satisfaction score (0~100), complications, and fall down history were evaluated. Furthermore, under the assumption of having retreatment, their preference of orthosis between the knee walker and axillary crutch was investigated. Results: The mean age of the patients was 36.5 and the mean duration of ambulation with a knee walker and axillary crutch were 5.2 and 2.4 weeks. The VAS satisfaction score of the knee walker and crutch was 88.8 and 27.5, respectively (p<0.05). The most frequent complications of the knee walker and crutch were ipsilateral knee pain (6 cases) and axillary or wrist pain (56 cases), respectively. No case of falling down occurred during knee walker ambulation, but there were two cases of crutch ambulation. Fifty-eight patients (93.5%) preferred the knee walker and four patients (6.5%) preferred a crutch. Conclusion: Compared to the axillary crutch, the knee walker afforded lower complication and higher satisfaction. Most patients preferred the knee walker to a crutch. Therefore, the knee walker is an efficient and safe orthosis for foot and ankle patients who require nonweightbearing.