• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.574-577
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• 2001

A 54-year-old homosexual man was diagnosed as human immunodeficiency virus-1-positive in 1992. He was admitted to a tertiary hospital in March, 2000 because of right flank pain, fever and intermittent cough. A chest roentgenogram showed right-sided pleural effusion, and closed thoracostomy was performed for drainage Salmonella species and Escherichia coli were isolated from the pleural fluid. In spite of 6 weeks of antibiotic treatment, fever did not subside and the general condition gradually deteriorated, and under the diagnosis of lung abscess with empyema thoracis, right pleuropneumonectomy was performed. The general condition improved postoperatively until day 10 when he showed sudden change in mental status to stuporous and developed focal seizure. Brain CT showed multiple abscesses in right frontal and left frontotemporal lobes and he expired on postoperative day 14.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2011

Bacille Calmette-Gu$\acute{e}$rin (BCG) vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine derived from Mycobacterium bovis. Frequent complications after BCG vaccination are localized ulcer formation and regional lymphadenitis, but there could be rarely severe systemic reactions to BCG vaccine such as osteomyelitis and disseminated BCG infection. Although disseminated BCG infection can be complicated in infants with underlying immunodeficiency after BCG vaccination, it is very unlikely to develop in immunocompetent infants or children. We report a 13-month-old infant who presented with fever, skin nodules, and multiple enlarged lymph nodes 5 months following BCG vaccination. She was diagnosed with disseminated BCG infection by PCRconfirmed M. bovis BCG infection at ${\geq}$2 anatomical sites beyond the region of vaccination. The patient showed no obvious evidence of immunodeficiency as judged on the basis of previous disease history, plasma immunoglobulin levels, B and T lymphocytes counts in peripheral blood, DHR (dihydrorhodamine 123 fluorescence) test and HIV test. She started antituberculous treatment with isoniazid and rifampin, and now, apparently her symptoms have been improved.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 1987

We determined the maternal peripheral lymphocyte response to mitogen during the period of implantation and evaluated the effects of hormones, which are known to be involved in the process of implantation, on the lymphocyte activity in rabbits. As compared with peripheral lymphocyte activity in non-pregnant rabbits, lymphocyte activity was significantly depressed on days 6, 7 and 9 of pregnancy. Although concentrations of serum progesterone were gradually increased during the implantation period, progesterone did not inhibit lymphocyte activity at physiological concentration. Serum $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ was significantly increased on day 7 while PGE was slightly increased. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ did not modify lymphocyte activity even with greater concentrations than physiological level. However, lymphocyte activity was significantly inhibited by PGE even with physiological doses. The treatment of indomethacin at doses of 0.1 or $1.0\;{\mu}g/ml$ tended to enhance lymphocyte response, which was depressed on day 8 of pregnancy, 28% or 23% respectively. Although in non-pregnant rabbit, enhancement of lymphocyte response was also shown after the treatment of indomethacin, this enhancement was much less than that in pregnant rabbits. These results strongly suggest that maternal immune response was depressed during the process of implantation and PGE might be one of factors for immunomodulation during this period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.494-500
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• 2012

In order to determine the functional benefits of $Cordyceps$ $militaris$ in the immune system, we examined the immunomodulatory activities of $Cordyceps$ $militaris$ in an immunocompromised C57BL/6 mice model. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with an immunosuppressive drug, cyclophosphamide, and then administered orally with 3% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg of 50% ethanol extract of $Cordyceps$ $militaris$ (CM 30, CM 100, and CM 300, respectively) for 12 days. Mice treated with CM displayed significantly increased splenocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity compared to immunosuppressed control mice (p<0.05). The spleen cells isolated from mice treated with CM also displayed increased production of Th1 cytokines, including IL-2, IL-12, IFN-${\gamma}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$, suggesting enhanced cellular immunity in response to CM. However, CM had no significant effect on the production of IL-4 and IL-10. These results indicate that $Cordyceps$ $militaris$ enhances immune function by promoting immune cell proliferation and Th1 cytokine production.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.93-99
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• 1989

In our previous studies, it was found that activities of maternal peripheral lymphocytes and thymocytes were depressed during the implantation period in rats and rabbits. This study was therefore attempted to clarify further this immunosuppression locally by determining lymphocyte response in lymph nodes draining the uterus (DLN) and to elucidate the mechanism by which prostaglandin E (PGE) modulates immune response during the implantation process in rats. As compared with non-pregnant rats, the response of DLN lymphocytes to concanavalin A (Con A) was depressed during the implantation period in 100% of rats studied. The activity of DLN lymphocytes depressed on day 8 of pregnancy was, however, restored partially by the treatment of indomethacin (ID), indicating that prostaglandin (PG) might be one of factors responsible for immunomodulation during the process of implantation. DLN lymphocyte activity in non-pregnant rats was suppressed if PGE was pre-treated prior to Con A and this suppression was partially restored by the treatment of ID. Furthermore, DLN lymphocytes pre-treated with PGE produced PGE in vitro and this PGE production was blocked by the treatment of ID, suggesting that PGE induced PGE-producing cells. However, the pretreatment of estradiol, progesterone, and hCG at doses enough to suppress lymphocyte activity was ineffective in inducing PGE-producing cells. From these results, it is suggested that PGE induces PGE-producing suppressor cells, thereby increasing PGE concentration and PGE in turn depresses maternal local immune response as well as systemic immune response during the implantation period in rats.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.281-284
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• 1998

Humoral immune response of young chicks to Brucella abortus strain 1119-3 inoculation was monitored to verify the degree of immunosuppression caused by infection with Cryptosporidium baileyi. Young chicks (2-day-old) were orally inoculated each with $2{\times}10^6$ oocysts of C. baileyi, and then injected intramuscularly with 0.3 $m\ell$ B. abortus strain 1119-3 containing $1{\times}10^9$ living organisms on day 14 postinoculation (PI). Serum samples were tested by plate agglutination test on day 17 PI onwards at an interval of 3-6 days over a period of 36 days. Infected chicks with the coccidium showed significantly lower antibody titers than those of uninfected controls (P<0.05). These findings document that C. baileyi infection in early life stage may predispose chicks easily to other potential poultry diseases.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2021

Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus that primarily causes opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts. It can also cause various infections in immunocompetent patients. Pulmonary cryptococcosis involving the lymph node is relatively rare in immunocompetent patients. In this report, a previously healthy 17-year-old girl presented with high-grade fever and persistent cough. Chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scan revealed an anterior mediastinal conglomerate mass that expanded to the right supraclavicular area. Ultrasound-guided gun biopsy revealed histological evidence of cryptococcosis. Immunological screening tests did not identify immunodeficiency. She recovered completely with a combination therapy of amphotericin B and flucytosine for 2 weeks, followed by fluconazole for 8 months. The characteristics of cryptococcosis involving the mediastinal lymph node and the lung should be understood, and the possibility of cryptococcosis even in immunocompetent hosts should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.636-641
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• 2013

We prepared 2 different crude polysaccharides from persimmon leaves, by hot water (PLW-0) and pectinase digestion (PLE-0), respectively. PLW-0 and PLE-0 showed similar sugar compositions and contained 11 different sugars, including rarely observed sugars such as 2-methyl-fucose, 2-methyl-xylose, apiose, and aceric acid. However, the uronic acid content of PLE-0 was lower than that of PLW-0, because of pectinase treatment. In normal mice, administration of PLW-0 and PLE-0 increased the spleen index and splenocyte proliferation. The effect of PLE-0 on the spleen index and splenocyte proliferation was greater than that of PLW-0. We subsequently assessed the immunomodulatory activities of PLW-0 and PLE-0 on cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppressed mice. We revealed that mice treated with PLW- 0 or PLE-0 showed increased splenocyte proliferation, NK cell activity, and white blood cell numbers. Taken together, our results indicate that PLW-0 and PLE-0 can enhance immune function in normal mice and modulate CY-induced immune suppression.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.1398-1405
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• 2016

The effects of Sparassis crispa extracts fermented with isolated strain from S. crispa on antioxidant and immunological activities were determined. S. crispa extracts fermented with Meyerozyma guilliermondii FM showed significantly higher total phenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities compared to those fermented with lactic acid bacteria. In methotrexate-induced immunosuppressed rats, reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-2, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) and increased levels of IL-10 were detected in S. crispa extract injected groups regardless of fermentation. We confirmed that rats treated with S. crispa fermented with M. guilliermondii FM showed higher blood leukocyte contents compared to other treatments. These results suggest that M. guilliermondii FM has high potential as a starter culture for fermentation of S. crispa extracts with increased antioxidant and immunological activities.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

The olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus is susceptible to viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) at $15^{\circ}C$ but no mortality at $20^{\circ}C$ even though the virus can grow well in vitro at $20^{\circ}C$. Thus, we designed an experiment to know immune response of olive flounder against VHSV when the host reared at $15^{\circ}C$ or $20^{\circ}C$. cDNA microarray analysis was performed to compare the gene expression patterns of the kidney cells between the host reared at $15^{\circ}C$ or $20^{\circ}C$. The expression of MHC class I, IL-8, myeloperoxidae and endonuclease G-like having function for the antigen presentation and chemokine-factor were up-regulted both the $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ during VHSV infection. MHC class II gene existing on antigen-presenting cells and B cell lymphocytes, immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and phagocytosis related genes were down-regulated at $15^{\circ}C$ but highly expressed at $20^{\circ}C$. It can be thought that innate immune related antigen presentation by MHC class I and phagocytosis reaction against VHSV are efficiently occur both the temperature but macrophage or B cell related antigen presentation via MHC class II fails to induce downstream immune reactions (adaptive immunity) to make antibody, and it can be one of the reason that causes high mortality only at $15^{\circ}C$.