• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.184-191
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• 2008

Entomopathogenic bacteria (Xenorhabdus nematophila, X. sp. and Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata) isolated from entomopathogenic nematodes express potent insecticidal activity in insect hemocoel. They are also known to suppress insect immune mediation by inhibiting phospholipase $A_2$, leading to host immunosuppression. This study analyzed effects of their cultured broths on inhibiting insect immunosuppression. For this, we removed all bacterial cells using $0.2\;{\mu}m$ pore sized membrane from the bacteria-cultured broth. All three sterilized cultured media, in dose-dependent manners, significantly inhibited hemocyte-spreading behavior of 5th instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua. However, they showed differential inhibitory activities among different bacterial species, in which X. nematophila showed the most potent inhibitory activity. This immunosuppressive effect was applied to increase the pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). All three bacterial cultured broths including bacterial cells significantly potentiated Bt pathogenicity against young S. exigua larvae when each of them was orally administered in a mixture of low dose of Bt. Finally, we tested the effect of oral administration of the cultured media containing the immunosuppressive compound(s) secreted by the bacteria. The membrane-sterilized cultured broths were mixed with the low dose of Bt and then orally administered to the young S. exigua. Only the cultured medium of X. nematophila showed increase of Bt pathogenicity. These results indicated that the; cultured media of the three bacteria possessed immunosuppressive factor(s), which may act to potentiate Bt toxicity to young S. exigua larvae.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.756-760
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• 2021

Frankincense has been used as a traditional medicine for treating rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis, and muscle pain. In this study, the anti-tuberculosis effects of Frankincense were evaluated in immune responses of macrophages. Frankincense methanol extract was not cytotoxic to the host. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay using human macrophage (THP-1) cells did not show cytotoxic effects or morphological changes with treatments of 31.3, 62.5, and 125 ㎍/mL Frankincense methanol extract (FRM). Inhibitory effects of Frankincense methanol extract on the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages were investigated. The immune response was measured by monitoring the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in THP-1 cells with or without M. tuberculosis infection under Frankincense methanol extract treatment. Inflammatory cytokine levels and M. tuberculosis numbers were reduced in THP-1 cells treated with Frankincense methanol extract. Therefore, Frankincense methanol extract could be used as a potential anti-tuberculosis agent.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.397-405
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• 2023

Although glutathione (GSH) has been shown to play an important role in the prevention of oxidative damage as an antioxidant, studies on immune regulation by it have not been properly conducted. In this study, we investigated whether luthione^®, a reduced GSH, has an immune enhancing effect in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The results of flow cytometry and immunofluorescence experiments indicated that luthione increased phagocytic activity, a representative function of macrophages, compared to the control cells. According to the results of the cytokine array, the expression of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-1β, and IL-27 was significantly increased in the luthione-treated cells. Luthione also enhanced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β through increased expression of their proteins, and increased release of the immune mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ was associated with increased expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, the expression of cluster of differentiation 86, an M1 macrophage marker, was dramatically enhanced in RAW 264.7 cells treated with luthione. Furthermore, as a result of heat map analysis, we found that cytokine signaling 1/3-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription/Janus tyrosine kinase signaling pathway was involved in the immunomodulatory effect by luthione. In conclusion, our data suggested that luthione could act as a molecular regulator in M1 macrophage polarization and enhance immune capacity by promoting macrophage phagocytic function.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 1997

The localization of worm antigen of Neodiplostomum seoulere was examined by immuno-electronmicroscopic observation. Not only the immunized serum of mice with crude worm extract of N. seoulene but also serum of infected mouse were reacted to the worm section. Using immunized serum as primary antibody. the gold particles were deposited on the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the cell of tribocytic organ, spermatozoa in the seminal vesicle, microvilli of the caecum and vitelline follicle. Using infected serum, gold particles were deposited only on the vitelline follicle prominently. This finding suggested that the tribocytic organ, seminal vesicle, caeca and vitelline follicles may play a role of antigen to immunized serum with crude worm extract of N. seoulense, whereas the vitelline follicle, to the infected serum.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 1997

$\alpha$-Fetoprotein (AFP) has been a useful marker in screening and/or monitoring patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, gonadal germ cell tumor, gastric carcinoma and neural tube defects. In the present study, it was attempted to produce anti-human AFP polyclonal antibodies and to develop a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the measurement of AFP in human plasma and amniotic fluid. AFP was isolated from amniotic fluid using an isolation procedure consisting of affinity chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The antibody directed against AFP was raised in rabbits. Double immunodiffusion and Western blotting methods showed that the antiserum was highly specific, reacting with only AFP-containing samples. Standard curve was obtained by using purified AFP and specific antiserum. The assay sensitivity was 5ng/ml and the working range was 5~l,000ng/ml. The within-assay and between-assay coefficient of variance (CV) was 4.5% and 8.5%, respectively. These results indicate that the assay is valuable for the measurement of AFP and found to be simple, reproducible, and accurate.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.912-922
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• 2011

Cancer-testis (CT) antigens are immunogenic protein antigens with restricted expression in the testes and a wide range of human tumor types, eliciting both humoral and cellular immune responses in cancer patients. They are considered to be ideal targets for vaccine-based immunotherapy, and more than 100 CT antigens, including MAGE, NY-ESO-1, GAGE, BAGE, LAGE, SSX2 and NY-SAR-35 have been identified to date. The CT antigens were identified through various techniques and can be divided in those that are encoded on the X chromosome, the CT-X genes, and those that are not, the non-X-CT genes. CT genes are aberrantly activated and expressed in a proportion of various types of human cancers. The biological role of CT-X in both germ line tissues and tumors remains poorly understood. Cancer vaccine trials based on several CT antigens are currently ongoing. This paper reviews recent advances in and future trends of CT antigens for cancer immunotherapy.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.364-368
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• 2012

Bovine lactoferrin is well known as biological activator in defense mechanism related some cells. In this study, we was investigated about the immune modulator as a role of lactoferrin through the transcriptional regulation of genes associated with hypersensitivity such as allergy, athma and inflammatory disease. Effects of inflammatory reaction of bovine lactoferrin was carried out by RT-PCR analysis from isolated total RNA treated with lactoferrin 0, 10, 50, 100, 500 ${\mu}g/mL$ and PMA 100 ng/mL. The expression of the TYROBP, PITPNA, IL-10, SLP1, DC-stamp and ICAM-1 mRNA were increased by synergy effect of bovine lactoferrin and PMA. The results of RT-PCR showed that bovine lactoferrin and PMA had an effect of immune modulator by enhancement of TYROBP, PITPNA, SLP1, DC-stamp, IL-10 and ICAM-1 gene transcription in U937, Mutz-3 and NK92 cells, respectively. Bovine lactoferrin showed a potential of biological function which could be used for industrial applications as a material of food and pharmaceutical.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.20 no.2 s.91
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• pp.123-128
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• 2005

We have addressed two important issues of immunosensing biochips, including the construction of antibody functionalized suface for efficient affinity reactions and the development of a signal registration strategy that converts biospecific reactions into highly quantifiable electrochemical and/or optical signals. The developed immunoassay reaction is an integrated version of enzyme-mediated immunoprecipitaion reaction, which is widely used in immunohistochemistry, and electrochemical signaling reaction. For the evaluation of analytical performance of fabricated immunosensing biochips, signaling for mouse IgG in antiserum was conducted. Applications of the developed strategy have been found for the evaluation of histology chemicals and for the signal amplification for array-type biochip analysis.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.3B
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• pp.311-317
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• 2009

The traditional network anomaly detection systems execute the threshold-based detection without considering dynamic network environments, which causes false positive and limits an effective resource utilization. To overcome the drawbacks, we present the adaptive network anomaly detection model based on artificial immune system (AIS) in centralized network. AIS is inspired from human immune system that has learning, adaptation and memory. In our proposed model, the interaction between dendritic cell and T-cell of human immune system is adopted. We design the main components, such as central node and router node, and define functions of them. The central node analyzes the anomaly information received from the related router nodes, decides response policy and sends the policy to corresponding nodes. The router node consists of detector module and responder module. The detector module perceives the anomaly depending on learning data and the responder module settles the anomaly according to the policy received from central node. Finally we evaluate the possibility of the proposed detection model through simulation.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.16-27
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• 2004

In the traditional Chinese medicine, Drynariae Rhizoma (DR) has been reported as a good enhancer for bone healing. DR, a plant widely used in the traditional medicinal systems of Korea, has been reported to possess antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Modulation of immune response to alleviate disease has been of interest for a long time. Plant extracts have been widely investigated for possible immunomodulatory properties. Thus, I have evaluated the anticellular and immunomodulatory properties of ethanolic extract of DR. DR extract inhibited proliferation of mitogen (phytohaemagglutinin; PHA) and antigen (purified protein derivative; PPD)-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In addition, DR inhibited growth of several cell lines of mouse and human origin. It also inhibited production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$. Intracytoplasmic $interferon-{\gamma}\;(IFN-{\gamma})$ and expression of cell surface markers, CD16 and HLA-DR, on human PBMC, were not affected on treatment with DR but CD25 expression was down regulated. This study demonstrates the antiproliferative and immunosuppressive potential of ethanolic extract of DR in vitro.