• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.618-626
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• 2016

The influence of ferric ion ($Fe^{+3}$) on bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion for sewage sludge was explored at ambient temperature ($25^{\circ}C$). Before the addition of ferric ion, the removal of volatile solids (VS) was 65.9% and the specific methane production rate was 370 mL/L/d. After the addition of ferric ion (200 ppm) to feed sludge, the bioelectrochemical anaerobic digester was more stable in the state variables including pH, alkalinity, COD and VFAs, and the VS removal and specific methane production rate were increased to 69.8% and 396 mL/L/d, respectively. However, the methane content in biogas was slightly reduced by the addition of ferric ion, indicating that the activity of planktonic anaerobic bacteria (PAB) was more improved after the addition of ferric ion. The dominances of syntrophic bacteria (Cloacamonas) and hyrolytic bacteria (Saprospiraceae, Ottowia pentelensis) in the PAB were increased by the addition of ferric ion. The addition of ferric ion improved the performance of bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion for sewage sludge at ambient temperature.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.513-518
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• 2017

In this paper, the removal efficiency of THMs (Trihalomethanes) and DOC (Disolved organic carbon) was compared under different GAC (Granual activated carbon) filling methods. One method is "full filling method" in which column is fully filled with GAC at once and the other is "periodic cumulative method" in which column is partially filled with GAC (10, 20, 33 and 50% of total column volume) and added each ratio during 300 days. The effluent concentration of both THMs and DOC under full filling method was low during the initial period, however, steadily increased with operating time. In the contrast, with periodic cumulative method, it maintained (relatively) evenly during the operating period. Periodic cumulative method was more efficient for removing THMs than full filling method. However, when the ratio of chlorodibromomethane or bromoform among THMs was significantly higher than chloroform and bromodichloromethane, full filling method was more efficient than periodic cumulative method. Full filling method had benefit to total DOC removal and control of average DOC concentration in effluent. Overall, periodic cumulative method is more efficient to equalize the removal efficiency of THMs and DOC, so the more frequent refilling of column with small amount of GAC is more advantageous.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.87-92
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• 2006

The steam reforming of methane over Ru-promoted $Ni/Al_2O_3$ was carried out. Compared with $Ni/Al_2O_3$, which needs pre-reduction by $H_2$, $Ru/Ni/Al_2O_3$ catalysts exhibited relatively higher activity than conventional $Ni/Al_2O_3$. According to $H_2-TPR$ of reduced or used catalysts and $CH_4-TPR$, it was revealed that the reduction of $RuO_x$ by $CH_4$ decomposition begins at a lower temperature ($220^{\circ}C$) and the reduced Ru facilitates the reduction of NiO, and leads to self-activation. To improve metal dispersion, the catalyst was soaked in 7 M aqueous $NH_4OH$ for 2 h at $45^{\circ}C$ while stirring. As a result, $Ru/Ni/Al_2O_3$ catalysts with aqueous $NH_4OH$ treatment have higher activity, larger metal surface area (by $H_2$-chemisorption), and small particle size (by XRD and XPS). It is noted that the amount of noble metal could be reduced by aqueous $NH_4OH$ treatment.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.106-110
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• 2004

The objective of this study was carried out to investigate nutritional characteristics and biological activities effects of Korean leaf of Rosa davurica Pall. in vitro. They were extracted with methanol and then further fractionated to n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl-acetate, n-butanol and water from methanol extracts. Methods of the antigenotoxic used in this experiment were UVA/UVB absorption property and DPPH radical scavenge. The proximate compositions of leaves of Rosa dauvrica Pall were 67.5％ of crude Moisture, 0.7％ of crude fat, 6.8％ of crude protein, 6.1％ of crude ash, and 20.8％ of crude fiber. The major minerals were K (1637.2 mg％), Ca (219.5 mg％), P (182.1 mg％), and Mg (135.1 mg％). Most of the fractions of methanol extract which leaves of Rosa dauvrica Pall. have strong absorbency at UVB region (308 nm) and UV A region (350nm). These fractions have a good absorbency property as synthetic filter and could be served as substitutes for synthetic UV sunscreen agents. All fractions (n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, n-butanol and water) from methanol extracts except chloroform fraction exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC$\_$50/ of 35.3, 6.0, 14.0, and 18.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.593-598
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• 2005

Antithrombosis and antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts, which were prepared from 51 different brands of rice, were evaluated to investigate bioactive-substances. Among them, the extract of sample No. 2, 25, 40 and 41 showed strong thrombin inhibition activities ($401\~764\%$ inhibition at 5 mg/mL), and the extract of sample No. 5, 9, 23, 36, 44 and 48 showed strong DPPH scavenging activities ($40.8\~64.1\%$ at 0.4 mg/mL), respectively. The average contents of total flavonoid and polyphenol with 50 brands of rice were 51.89 mg/kg and 195.23 mg/kg, respectively. However, the activities were not linked with the contents of flavonoid and polyphenol. By the treatment at $100^{\circ}C$ for 10 min, the activities of the selected rices were severely decreased. Maximal remaining activities of antithrombosis and antioxidant were $208\%$ of No. 40 and $23.2\%$ of No. 48, respectively. These results support a functional superiority of rice-based livelihood, and suggest that the development of healthy food using functional ingredients of rice is possible.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2009

This study was conducted to gather the basic data on making good use of a kind of groundsel (Ligularia fischeri). We have made methanol extracts from Ligularia fischeri and have also determined the effects of extracting temperature and time on the physiological activities of methanol extracts from Ligularia fischeri. Total phenolic compound and flavonoid contents in the methanol extracts from Ligularia fischeri at the extracting concentration of $1,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ were $75.8-297.7mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and $45.6-173.6mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. Total phenolic compound and flavonoid contents, and DPPH radical scavenging activities were most increased when Ligularia fischeri was extracted with methanol at $95^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours, however, nitrite radical scavenging activities were extremely increased at $75^{\circ}C$ for 12 hours by 97.4%. At $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and $400mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ methanol extracting concentration, the hyperplasia of lung cancer cells (Calu-6) and stomach cancer cells (SNU601) were effectively inhibited over 90%. Consequently, it was assumed that Ligularia fischeri was a functional vegetable with a higher physiological activities. Making the processed foods, it had better make the extracts from Ligularia fischeri with methanol at $95^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.150.2-151
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• 2003

한국산 장뇌산삼의 열매, 잎, 줄기 및 뿌리를 -7$0^{\circ}C$ 동결건조 분말화시킨 시료에 대한 추출용매와 농도에 따른 유용성분의 함량을 비교, 분석하였다. 추출액의 당도는 잎과 줄기의 80% 에탄올추출액이 각각 22.58%와 22.53%로 가장 높았고, pH는 4.43-7.41 수준이었고, 갈변도는 흡광도가 잎과 뿌리 80% 에탄올추출액이 1.803과 1.085로 가장 높았다. 색도의 경우 L값는 줄기 100% 증류수추출액이 24.56, 열매 80% 메탄올추출액이 24.35로 가장 높았고, 뿌리와 잎 80% 에탄올추출액이 각각 17.47과 19.59로 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다. a값은 잎100% 증류수추출액이 0.41로 가장 높았고, 줄기 80%메탄올추출 액이 -0.49로 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. b값은 줄기 80% 메탄올추출액이 3.69로 가장 높았고, 열매 100% 증류수추출액 이 0.45로 가장 낮은 값이었다. 주요 유리당은 sucrose, glucose 및 fructose 이었고, 유리당 총함량은 열매와 줄기 100% 증류수추출액이 각각 6733 mg/100g과 6142 mg/100g으로 가장 많은 량을 함유하였고, sucrose는 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액 이 3673 mg/100g으로, glucose 및 fructose는 줄기 80% 에탄올추출액과 잎 80% 메탄올추출액에 각각 4283 mg/100g과 1897 mg/100g으로 높은 함유량을 나타내었다. 또한 잎과 줄기에는 xylose가 304-524 mg/100g 수준으로 함유되어 있었고, 뿌리에는 maltose가 소량 함유하고 있었다. 주요 유기산으로는 citric acid, tartaric acid 및 malic acid가 확인되었고, citric acid는 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액이 1849 mg/100g으로 가장 높은 함량이었고, tartaric acid는 잎 80% 메탄올추출액이 3263 mg/100g으로 가장 높은 함량이었고, malic acid는 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액이 1856 mg/100g으로 가장 높은 함량이었으며, 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액에는 succinic acid, malonic acid 및 oxalic acid 등이 확인되었다. 유리아미노산은 L-Arginine, ${\gamma}$-Amino-n-butyric acid, Ethanolamine, L-Proline, $\beta$-Alanine 및 L-sarcosine 등 총 35종이 확인되었고, L-Arginine은 251-7379 mg/100g 수준으로 특히, 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액에는 1319 mg/100g으로 총함유량의 79.13%로 매우 높은 함유량을 나타내었다. P, K, Na, Ca 및 Mg 등이 주된 무기질로 확인되었고, 그 중 P는 줄기 100% 증류수추출액에 15563 mg/100g으로 가장 높았고, K은 잎 80% 메탄을 추출액에 4952 mg/100g, Ca과 Na은 잎과 열매 100% 증류수추출액에 각각 3052 mg/100g과 1798 mg/100g, Mg은 잎 100% 증류수추출액에 950 mg/100g으로 매우 높은 함유량을 보였고, 또한 미량원소로는 Zn, Cu, Cr, Mn, Co, Mo, Fe 등이 함유되어 있었다.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.574-580
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• 2006

Different amounts of powder and concentrate (0.5% and 1.0%) of Prnus mume were added to doenjang and were examined during fermentation at $20^{\circ}C$. Moisture and amino nitrogen content were gradually increased, regardless of the amount of powder and concentrate of Prnus mume (PCP). A rapid increase in moisture and amino nitrogen was shown at initial 2 week of fermentation. Control showed a higher amino nitrogen content and microbial load (yeast and mold) than samples with PCP. Reducing sugar content was rapidly decreased after 2 weeks, but was plateaued after 4 weeks. Color (L, a and b) of doenjang had the highest value at 4 weeks, but was decreased thereafter. Weter extracts from samples with PCP were lower in radical scavenging activity than that of control, but methanol extracts and ethanol extracts were generally higher than that of control. Based on On sensory evaluation of doenjang after 6 weeks, control 1 was better than other treatments in color, aroma and taste. Significant difference was not observed among control 1, control 2 and samples with 0.5% PCP.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of saponin contained plant extracts on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and methane production. Ruminal fluid was collected from rumen cannulated Hanwoo steers fed rice straw and concentrate (5:5). Collected rumen fluids, corn starch and buffer including saponin contained plant extracts (ginseng, Ogapi, soapwort, tea plant and yucca; 0.5%/15 ml) were incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. All incubations were repeated five times. Rumen pH in all treatments was lower (p<0.05) compared with that of the control (no addition) during incubation time. The concentration of total VFA in all treatments was higher (p<0.05) than that of the control after 12h incubation. Compared with the control, the concentration of acetate and propionate in all treatments was lower and higher after 6h incubation, respectively. The concentration of $NH_3$-N in all treatments was lower (p<0.05) than that of the control except for Ogapi or yucca extracts supplementation. The number of protozoa in all treatments was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the control except for soapwort extract supplementation. The total gas production and methane production in all treatments was higher (p<0.05) and lower (p<0.05) compared with the control, except for ogapi or soapwort extracts supplementation after 12h incubation, respectively. Therefore, reduction in methane production by saponins may could be results from decreased protozoal population without any negative in vitro fermentation.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.336-344
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• 2008

This manuscript deals with the investigation of the possibility of the crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes with both poly(styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) and 3-(trihydroxysilyl)-1-propanesulfonic acid (THS-PSA) for the fuel cell application. The studies were focused on the characterization of the resulting membranes through water content, thermal gravimetric analysis, ion exchange capacity, ion conductivity and methanol permeability measurements and then compared with the existing Nafion membrane. Typically, the ion conductivity lied in the range of $10^{-3}$ to $10^{-2}\;S/cm$ while the methanol permeability showed the range of $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-8}\;cm^2/s$.