• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제67권6호
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• pp.528-535
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• 2009

Background: Dust clouds blown by the wind from the arid deserts of Mongolia and Northeast China are known as Asian dust storms. Ambient particulate matter with a diameter <10 ${\mu}m$ ($PM_{10}$) is associated with the exacerbation of respiratory diseases and increased mortality of heart and lung disease patients. The fibrotic effects of $PM_{10}$ of Asian dust to pulmonary fibroblast cells are unknown. This study examined the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), TGF-${\beta}$, NF-${\kappa}B$, PDGF-$\alpha$ and Fibronectin in fibroblasts exposed to Asian dust particles. Methods: Air samples were collected using a high volume air sampler (Sibata model HV500F) with an air flow of 500 L/min for at least 6 hours. The MRC-5 cells were exposed to 0, 50 and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ of $PM_{10}$ for 24 hours. ROS was detected by measuring the level of oxidized DCF using FACS. TGF-$\beta$, NF-${\kappa}B$, PDGF-$\alpha$ and fibronectin were detected by western blotting. Results: There was no increase in the ROS, TGF-$\beta$ and PDGF-$\alpha$ levels in the MRC-5 cells exposed to $PM_{10}$. The NF-${\kappa}B$ level was higher in the MRC-5 cells exposed to 50 and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ of $PM_{10}$ for 24 hours. The fibronectin level in the MRC-5 cells after 24 hours incubation with 50 ${\mu}g/mL$ $PM_{10}$ was significantly higher than the control group ($PM_{10}$ 50 ${\mu}g/mL$ 113.27${\pm}$8.65 of control, p=0.005). Conclusion: $PM_{10}$ from Asian dust increases the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and fibronectin expression in MRC-5 fibroblast cells.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.652-663
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• 2019

목조건축문화재의 생물피해 영향을 미치는 야외 부유곰팡이의 연중 변화와 일간 변화를 파악하기 위해서는 포집주기와 측정시간대의 충분한 반영이 필요하다. 본 연구는 2018년 8월부터 2019년 7월까지 1년간 국립문화재연구소 보존과학센터 옥상에서 에어샘플러와 Potato dextrose agar 배지를 이용하여 포집주기는 24절기, 포집시간대는 14시(낮)와 23시(밤)에 포집하였고, 기상요소를 1시간 단위로 수집하였으며, 부유곰팡이의 농도 조사 및 기상요소와의 상관성 분석을 진행하였다. 그 결과, 부유곰팡이 농도는 11월, 가을, 밤에 가장 높았고, 가을, 여름, 겨울, 봄 순으로 높았으며, 강우, 태풍, 황사/미세먼지에 따라 부유곰팡이 농도, 종류, 우점은 달랐다. 부유곰팡이 농도는 강수량, 강수일수, 상대습도와 강한 양의 선형 상관성이 나타났다. 부유곰팡이 농도는 영양원에 있어서는 죽은 식물체의 증가 시기, 기상요소에 있어서는 강우를 포함한 높은 상대습도 조건과 관련이 깊었다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2017

현재 야외 철제 조형물 보존용 코팅제로 사용되고 있는 wax는 장점도 있지만 낮은 내구성 및 안정성 등의 단점으로 인한 사용상의 문제점이 노출되고 있다. 손상원인으로는 대기오염에 의한 대기가스와 산성비, 공기 중의 수분, 미세먼지, 황사 등에 의해 wax가 노화되어 코팅력이 저하되고, 이로 인해 보존처리 후 짧은 시간 내에 재 부식이 발생한다. 또한 wax의 노화로 색상변화 및 광택변화가 일어나 표면 이질감을 주기도 한다. 이러한 문제점들은 장기간 지속되어 왔으며 이를 개선하기 위한 재료의 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기존에 사용되어지고 있는 wax 코팅제들을 분석하여 각각의 특성과 용도별로 부족한 점들을 파악하여 보다 개선된 wax 코팅제를 개발하였으며, 야외 폭로실험과 인공 산성비 실험을 통해 환경 변화에 따른 표면 코팅 변화양상을 확인해본 결과 기존 재료들 보다 야외 폭로실험결과 약 4배, 인공 산성비 실험 결과 약 1.5배 이상의 우수한 부식방지 및 차단 효과를 나타내었다. 또한 색도 및 광택도, 접촉각, 박막두께 등의 물성 측정을 통해 기존에 사용되어온 wax보다 박막두께는 약 1.3 ~ 1.8배 두껍지만 고른 피막을 형성해 외부 환경으로 부터의 차단성 및 내구성이 우수하고 색도 및 광택도도 기존의 재료와 유사한 물성을 보여주어 기존에 사용되어온 wax 코팅제를 대체할 수 있는 재료로 판단된다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2004

In this study, the observation data for the yellow sandy dust phenomena from the year 1999 to 2003 at background sites in Korea were collected at Global Atmospheric Observatory at An-Myeon island and its temporal variation were analyzed. The chemical characteristics of the fine particles were also analyzed in order to evaluate sources of the yellow sandy dust particles. The results showed that the monthly average mass concentration of the fine particles was the highest in springtime and the lowest in summertime in general. The magnitude of its variation was also the highest in March in which the occurrence of yellow sandy dust was the most frequent and thus the number of samples was the largest, while the lowest in June through September. The yearly variation of ion components contributions to the total mass concentration of the fine particles was slowly decreasing, showing that $63\%$ in 1999, $59\%$ in 2000 and $56\%$ in 2003. The most prevalent ion components in the fine particles were found to be $NO_3$ and $SO_4^{2-}$, which are known to be source materials of acidic precipitation, and $NH_4^+$, a neutralizing material of the acid precipitation. Relative proportion of metal components in the fine particles was calculated as $14\%$ in average, and their concentrations are in an order of Fe > Al > Na > Ca > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Ni > Cd > Cr > Co > U. The results indicated that main sources of the metals was soil-originated Fe, Al, Ca, and Mg, and the contribution of anthropogenic air Pollution-originated Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn were also high and keep slightly increasing. Statistical analysis showed that the chemical components could be divided into soil-originated group of Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, and Mn and air pollution-originated group of $NO_3$, Zn, Pb, and they are occupying more than $60\%$of all the components in the dusty sand. The results explain that An-Myeon island is more influenced by soil-originated source than ocean-originated one and also the influencing strength of anthropogenic poilution-originated source is less than $50\%$ of that of soil-originated sources. Compared to non-yellow sandy period, the yellow sandy dust period showed that the amounts of soil-originated $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ and ocean-originated $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ were increased to more than double and the metals of Mg, Al, Ca, Fe were also highly increased, while micro metal components such as Pb, Cd, Zn, which have a tendency of concentrating in air, were either decreased or maintained at nearly constant level. In the period of yellow sandy dust, a strong positive correlation was observed between water soluble ions and between metals in terms of its concentration, respectively. Factor analysis showed that the first group being comprised of about $43\%$ of the total inorganic components was affected by soil and they are ions of $Na^+,\;Mg^{2+}\;and\;Ca^{2+}$ and metals of Na, Fe, Mn and Ni. The result also showed that the metals of Mg and Cr were classified as second group and they were also highly affected by soil sources.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.67-81
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• 2016

In order to examine the variation characteristics of chemical compositions in accordance with the different meteorological conditions, $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were collected at Gosan site of Jeju Island in 2014, and then their ionic and elemental species were analyzed. The concentrations of nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$ were respectively 4.3 and 3.3 times higher in fine particle mode ($PM_{2.5}$) compared to coarse particle mode ($PM_{10-2.5}$), however $NO_3{^-}$ concentration was 1.6 times higher in coarse mode compared to fine particle mode. During Asian dust days, the concentrations of nss-$Ca^{2+}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ increased highly as 7.7 and 4.5 times in coarse particle mode, and 3.0 and 4.9 times higher in fine particles, respectively. Especially, the concentrations of the crustal species (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mn, Ba, Sr, etc.) indicated a noticeable increase during the Asian dust days. For the haze days, the concentrations of secondary pollutants increased 2.2~2.7 and 2.9~6.0 times in coarse and fine particles, respectively, and they were 0.8~1.1 and 1.8~2.4 times, respectively, during the mist days. The aerosols were acidified largely by sulfuric and nitric acids, and neutralized mainly by ammonia in fine particle mode during the haze days, but neutralized by calcium carbonate in coarse particle mode during the Asian dust days. The clustered back trajectory analysis showed that the concentrations of nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $NH_4{^+}$ were relatively high when the inflow pathway of air mass was from the southern part of China.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제37권11호
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• pp.959-967
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• 2004

충북 청주시에 위치한 충북대학교에서 강수에 따른 습성강하물 중의 TN, TP 및 COD의 농도와 오염부하를 조사하였다 강수사상에 대한 샘플은 1998년에서 2003년까지 채집되었다. 오염물질의 강수량가중평균 농도는 TN이 0.60mg/L, TP가 0.014mg/L, COD는 4.8mg/L이었는데, 이는 각각의 산술평균보다 26, 18, 14% 작게 나타났다. TN, TP 및 COD의 농도는 강수량이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 모든 수질항목은 됨에 가장 많이 나타났는데, 이는 풍식 및 황사에 의한 먼지, 꽃가루 등 때문으로 생각된다. 습성강하물의 평균 연간부하는 TN 7.9kg/ha$\cdot$yr, TP 0.19kg/ha$\cdot$yr, COD 53.9ka/ha$\cdot$yr로 나타났는데, 이를 일본에서 보고된 각각의 연간부하와 비교하면 TN과 TP는 비슷했으나, COD는 약간 놀게 나타났다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.434-448
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• 2014

The aerosol characteristics between haze episode and Asian dust event were identified in January and March, 2013 in Gwang-ju of Korea to investigate the metal elements, ionic concentrations and carbonaceous particles of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$. In the haze episode, the concentrations were increased 1~3.2 times of ionic species and 1.6~2.7 of metal elements. Especially, the concentration of $NO{_3}{^-}$, $SO{_4}{^2-}$ and $NH{_4}{^+}$ consists of 50 percent in ionic species during haze episode that was higher than Asian dust event. This suggests that secondary aerosols from anthropogenic air pollution were mainly contributed by haze episode. During the Asian dust event, increase of metal concentrations was higher than haze episode because of remarkable increase of Ti, K and Fe originated from soil. The concentrations of carbonaceous particles were increased 2.5 times during haze episode, and 2.4 times of OC and 2.1 times of EC during Asian dust event in $PM_{2.5}$. However, these aerosol mass concentration does not affect the OC/EC ratio. The average equivalence ratios of cations/anions in $PM_{2.5}$ were 0.99 in haze episodes and 0.94 during non-event day. The neutralization factor of $NH_3$ was higher than that of $CaCO_3$. Futhermore, $NH{_4}{^+}$ aerosol was aged due to atmospheric stagnation that might be affected by the haze episode.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.350-366
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• 2016

Objectives: No 3D anthropometric analyses have been conducted for Korean children's faces for the purpose of designing respiratory protective devices. The aim of this study was to develop masks against yellow dust and fine particulates, particularly for children in Korea. Methods: This study utilized a 3D scanning method to obtain 16 facial anthropometric data from children, ages of 5 to 13 years old. A total of 144 boys and girls were recruited from the kindergarten, elementary schools and middle schools in Seoul. With facial dimensions obtained, cluster analysis was performed to categorize them into similar facial groups. For each cluster, an optimal mask was designed and manufactured using a 3D printer. In addition, lung function data were obtained from 62 subjects and compared with those of normal adults. The pulmonary physiological results were subsequently used to suggest a test method for mask certification. Results: Facial shapes were classified into tree clusters: small, medium, and large. The face width and length for the first group were small with high nosal protrusion. The face width and length for the second group were the largest among the three clusters. The third group had the largest angle of nose root - gnathion(n-prn-gn). Age was the most significant variable in the facial dimensions. Children's pulmonary physiological capacity was about 60% of adults' capacity. The results of fit test using the prototype masks developed showed very good fits for children. Conclusions: For Korean children, three mask sizes will be sufficient and practical for providing protection against yellow dust and fine particulates. Anthropometric data obtained using digitalized 3D face analysis can be very effective for designing respiratory devices. 3D images can be accurate and easily measured for multiple dimensions, particularly for curved areas of the face. It is imperative to adopt different test methods for certifying respiratory protective devices for children, since their pulmonary physiological capacity is inferior compared with that of adults.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.413-421
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• 2016

본 연구는 제주 고산에서 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)로 산출된 Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD)와 지표면 $PM_{2.5}$와의 상관성 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위해 위성자료, 선포토미터, Optical Particle Counter(OPC), Micro Pulse Lidar(MPL)자료가 사용되었다. 2009년 10월 14일부터 24일까지 고산에서 측정된 선포토미터 L2.0자료와 $PM_{2.5}$ 자료의 초기 상관성 검토에서는 $R^2=0.48$의 상관성을 보였지만 고산에서 측정된 Micro-Pulse Lidar Network(MPLNet)의 에어로졸 수직분포 데이터를 사용하여 옅은 구름이나 황사의 영향을 제거한 후에는 상관성이 개선되어 $R^2=0.60$ 이상의 값이 산출되었다. 이러한 결과는 인공위성 자료로부터 측정된 AOD를 이용하여 대기 미세먼지 감시에 활용할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하여 주었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.21-35
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• 2009

The Asian dust storms which originated in the deserts of Mongolia and China transported particles to Korea and led to a high concentration of atmospheric particulate matters (PM) of more than $1000{\mu}g/m^3$ throughout the country in the spring, of 2007. Public concern, in Korea, about the possible adverse effects of these dust events has increased, as these dust storms can contain various air pollutants emitted from heavily industrialized eastern China. The objectives of this study were to understand the concentration characteristics of PM as a function of particle size between the Asian dust storm episodes and non-Asian dust period and to consider the mass size distribution of PM in the Asian dust storms and their water soluble ion species on the potential, possible effects on deposition levels in the three regions (nasopharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar) of the human respiratory system. The size distribution of PM mass concentration during the Asian dust storms showed a peak in the coarse particle region due to the long-range transport of soil particles from the deserts of Mongolia and China, which was identified by HYSPLIT-4 model for backward trajectory analysis of air arriving in the sampling site of Iksan. During the non-Asian dust period, there were two different types in PM size distribution: bimodal distribution when low concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were observed, while unimodal distribution having a peak in fine particle region when high concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were showed. This unimodal distribution with high concentrations of fine particulate and secondary air pollutants such as ${SO_4}^{2-}$, ${NO_3}^-$, ${NH_4}^+$ was found to be due to the long-range transport of air pollutants from industrialized eastern China. During the Asian dust storms, the mean concentrations of PM that can be deposited in the nasopharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar region were $128.8{\mu}g/m^3$, $216.5{\mu}g/m^3$, and $89.6{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. During the non-Asian dust period, the mean concentrations of PM that can be deposited in the nasopharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar region were $8.4{\mu}g/m^3$, $9.5{\mu}g/m^3$ and $38.5{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively.