• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2001

The microscopic characteristics and cellulose structures of primary and secondary tissues in Pinus densiflora S. et Z. were examined. Cells of primary tissue in cross section showed an irregular arrangement and round shape. Fiber lengths were 200 to $250{\mu}m$ in primary tissue, and 1,500 to $1,600{\mu}m$ in secondary tissue. Cell diameters in primary tissue were larger than those in secondary tissue; 40 to $50{\mu}m$ in former and 10 to $20{\mu}m$ in latter. Crystallite width and d-spacing of (200) in both tissues did not show any significant differences. However, crystallinity indices by Segal's method showed significant differences as 23% in primary tissue and 35% in secondary tissue. In the orientation of cellulose microfibril, primary tissues had a random pattern, whereas, secondary tissues presented an oriented pattern with 20 to 30 degree. The cellulose crystalline of primary tissue was easily transformed into cellulose II by mercerization, but that of secondary tissue hardly transformed. It is considered that the difference of crystal transformation in both tissues could be caused by the difference of lignification.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1273-1280
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• 2008

This study sought to establish the optimum operating condition for the recovery of caustic (NaOH) solution from mercerization in textile process. As main factors, the silt density index (SDI) evaluation of ceramic membrane for the application of nanofiltration/reverse osmosis (NF/RO) membrane, the recovery yield measurement of caustic solution for the application of polymeric membrane, the optimum condition of chemical cleaning for the membrane regeneration, the optimum removal condition of total organic carbon (TOC), turbidity, color, and the permeate flux of ceramic membrane/polymeric membrane combined process were investigated. As results, ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) in the first step and nanofiltration (NF) in the second step were found to be suitable for the removal of total suspended solid (TSS), residual organics, turbidity including color, and the recovery of caustic solution from caustic wastewater stream in mercerization process. When only the ceramic UF membrane was used, the rejection efficiency of both of TSS and turbidity was more than 99.0%, and the color and TOC were rejected about 74.7% and 49.2%, respectively. Meanwhile, the combined membrane precess of UF and NF membranes showed even more efficient removal abilities and thus more than 99.9% of TSS and turbidity, 87.7% of color, and 78.2% of TOC were removed. In particular, 91.3% of NaOH was successfully recovered with 83.7% of total volume in the combined membrane process. With this regard, a clean caustic solution was obtained in a high purity, which can be reused for mercerization process, expecting to offer economical benefits.

• Clean Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.105-116
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• 2005

Carboxymethylcellulose(CMC) which is water soluble at room temperature was manufactured from the cellulose material in this study. Experimental parameters were reaction temperature, time and concentration of NaOH and monochloroacetic acid. CMC was tested for solubility, degree of substitution(D.S.) and tensile strength. The surface structure of CMC fiber was tested using scanning electron microscope(SEM). CMC manufactured from viscose rayon was affected by the chemical concentration rather then the reaction time and temperature. Also, degree of substitution is closely related to the solubility of the CMC.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.101-110
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• 2007

Since cotton fabrics with ripple finish treatment form wavy furrows on the surface or bumpy patterns, air circulation during wearing is good and the fabric is cool to the touch. The finishing principle is based on the mercerization, which utilizes the fact that cotton fibers contract in a concentrated NaOH solution. In this study, as fabric specimens, cotton fabrics with yarn counts of 40's, 60's and 80's were used. Concentrations of the NaOH solutions were 15%, 25%, and 35%. After dyeing fabrics using Rubia akane nakai, color and other properties were measured. As the concentration of the NaOH solution increased, the fabric became thicker and denser, and the number of occurrence of the prominence and depression per unit length became larger. The color of the region contracted by ripple finish became darker after dyeing, while the color of the untreated region became lighter, which enhanced the cubic effect of the ripple finish. As the count of the cotton yarn increased, the dyeability became better. As the concentration of the NaOH solution increased, the air permeability became lower.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.62-69
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• 1999

Lignin in wood cell walls influeced the transformation of the cellulose crystal structure during mercerization. Samples of sound and decayed woods by white rot fungus of Quercus mongolica were treated with 20% aquous NaOH solution, followed by washing and drying, and delignified. The effect of delignification on cellulose structure was investigated by a series of an X-ray diffraction analysis and ultraviolet(UV) microscopy. Delignification of alkali-treated woods did not influence their cellulose crystal structures. It may be concluded that lignin prevents the swelling of wood cellulose during mercerization and restrain the intermingling of cellulose chains.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2005

To increase dyeability of cotton fabric to the chestnut shell dyeing, we had several dyeing experiments with the experimental fabrics which was pre-treated by soybean, NaOH, KOH. Three kinds of experimental cotton fabrics were used and chestnut shell dyebath was made for the experiment. Munsell's color HV/C and color differences ΔE of dyeing fabrics were compared between pre-treatment and none pre-treatment dyeing fabrics. The main results were as follows ; Color differences of dyeing fabrics pre-treated with soybean, NaOH, KOH were higher than those of none pre-treated dyeing fabrics. In case of pre-treatment with soybean, the concentration of the soybean bath affected the color differences but not affected in case of pre-treatment with NaOH & KOH. Munsell's color of pre-treatment fabrics with soybean, NaOH, KOH were same with the none pre-treatment fabrics. Colorfastness of the pre-treated fabrics were same degree, but only in case of soybean pre-treated fabrics were low in fastness of washing(change) & perspiration(acidic change).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1048-1056
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• 2004

Hydrophilicities of finished cotton fabrics were evaluated in respect of moisture regain and wickability. Changes in internal structure were determined using X-ray diffraction and surface changes in degraded samples were observed through a microscopy. Activated sludge test, soil burial test and enzyme hydrolysis were employed to evaluate the biodegradabilities. In addition, correlation analysis was done between biodegradability and the factors affecting biodegradability in each evalution methods. It was shown that hydrophilicities of silicone finished specimens were lower than that of untreated cotton and decreased in a row of PDMS(polydimethyl siloxane : -CH$_3$)＞AFS(amino functional siloxane ; -C$_3$H$_{6}$ NHC$_2$H$_4$NH$_2$)＞MHPS(methylhydrogen polysiloxane : -H, Cat : (C$_{17}$ H$_{35}$ COO)$_2$Zn) Although, moisture regain of mercerized cotton was higher than those of the others, wickability was shown to be lower. It was represented that crystalinities of cotton fabrics decreased by the silicone treatment. In activated sludge test and soil burial test, biodegradabilities of silicone treated specimens were lower than that of untreated cotton, where specimens of higher biodegradability exhibited higher biodegradability except mercerized ones. The results from enzyme hydrolysis, however, showed somewhat different tendency in that biodegradability was more closely related with the crystallinities of fabrics. It can be thought that enzyme hydrolysis is carried out for short time, physical accessibility becomes important.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.62-72
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• 2001

To elucidate the behaviors of alkali swelllng of woods. the dimensional change in cross section of cell elements of four major Korean woods during alkali swelling were examined by an optical microscory, an imaging analysis method and an X-ray diffrartion During alkali swelling, tracheid diameter of Larix kaempferi wood showed greater swelling property than that of Pinus koraiensis wood, and the cell wall swelled highly over 10% sodium hydroxide solution treatment. The radial diameter of vessel elements in earlywood shrunk, but it swelled slightly in tangential direction. When treated with 5% NaOH, the wall thickness of wood fiber increased about three times over the original one. The thickness of cell wall in all elements and the diameter of wood fiber and tracheid showed almost isotropic shrinkage. The diameter of cell elements during the mercerization process decreased, but cell wall thickness Increased. Crystal transformation of cellulose in wood was not occurred by alkali treatments. but relative crystallinity and crystallite width of the woods increased slightly. Consequently, it was demonstrated that the swelling properties of woods were dependant on wood species, cell elements and alkali concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.601-612
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• 2015

This research investigated the dyeing behavior of palmatine (a major coloring compound of Phellodendron bark in addition to berberine) using mercerization (M), tannic acid (T), mercerization-tannic acid (MT), and tannic acid -mercerization (TM) pretreatments. Mercerization was conducted using $20^{\circ}C$ of 20% NaOH for 5 minutes. Tannic acid treatment was conducted using 15% o.w.f. solution of tannic acid at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes and fixed with potassium antimonyl tartrate trihydrate. Dyeing was conducted using 1% o.w.f. palmatine chloride hydrate with 1:100 liquor ratio at $10-95^{\circ}C$ for 10-60 minutes in a dyebath of pH 3-9. MT method resulted in the highest dye uptake and was two times higher than the average dye uptake of T method. MT method provided the best result when the dyeing temperature was $80^{\circ}C$ or $95^{\circ}C$ and the dyeing time was 60 minutes. The pH of the dyebath had less effect on the dye uptake but a pH higher than 5 provided better results. The study confirmed that palmatine is a major coloring compound of Phellodendron bark and that the MT method can be used as a successful cotton dyeing method.