• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.7
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• pp.751-756
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• 2006

Purpose : Our goals were to determine the frequency of headaches and backaches occurring as a side effect following lumbar puncture in children, and to investigate various factors that might influence the frequency of headaches and backaches. Methods : From October 2004 to February 2006, we enrolled 148 patients aged 2 to 15 years who received diagnostic lumbar puncture at the Presbyterian Medical Center, Chonju, Korea. Patient data were collected for age, sex, number of puncture attempts, volume of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF), bevel orientation of puncture needle, cell count in CSF, periods of absolute bed rest, and the frequency and duration of headaches and backaches. Results : Headaches occurred in 8 patients and backaches occurred in 40 patients. Headaches were found both to occur significantly more frequently in patients over age 10 and to last longer when the bevel orientation of the puncture needle was inserted toward the cranium rather than laterally. Backaches lasted longer in males than in females. The other factors evaluated showed no relationship at all to the frequency and duration of headaches and backaches. Conclusion : Following lumbar puncture, headaches were common in patients over age 10, and lasted longer when the bevel orientation was toward the cranium. Backaches lasted longer in males than in females. In light of these findings, we recommend taking special care when performing lumbar puncture for CSF examination in patients over age 10.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.127-137
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• 2022

Purpose To assess the prevalence of incidentally detected lumbar spondylolysis in children. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the data of 809 patients under the age of 11 years (mean age, 7.0 ± 2.7 years; boys:girls = 479:330) who underwent abdominal and pelvic CT between March 2014 and December 2018. We recorded the presence, level, and laterality (unilateral or bilateral) of spondylolysis. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of spondylolysis: the spondylolysis (SP) and non-SP groups. Results In total, 21 cases of spondylolysis were detected in 20 patients (20/809, 2.5%). The mean age of the SP group was higher than that of the non-SP group (7.8 ± 1.8 vs. 6.9 ± 2.7 years, p > 0.05). The prevalence of spondylolysis in boys was higher than that in girls (15/479 [3.1%] vs. 5/330 [1.5%], p > 0.05). The prevalence of spondylolysis in school-age children (6-10 year olds) was higher than that in preschool-age children (0-5 year olds) (17/538 [3.2%] vs. 3/271 [1.1%], p > 0.05). L5 was the most common level of spondylolysis (76.2%); one 8-year-old boy had two-level spondylolysis. One case of isthmic spondylolisthesis was detected in a 10-year-old boy (1/809, 0.1%). There were 11 unilateral spondylolysis cases (11/21, 52.4%). Conclusion In our study, the prevalence of spondylolysis in children under the age of 11 was 2.5%. The prevalence was higher in boys than in girls and in school-age than in preschool-age children, despite the lack of any statistically significant differences.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.292-299
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate parental knowledge and attitude and practices relating to infant oral health care and to promote their motivations to their children's oral health care. Authors interviewed 350 persons in Ilwon-Dong and whose children were between 0 to 36 months old and acquired questionnaire from them. The questionnaire constituted of questions about general knowledge of tooth eruption, methods of oral hygiene care, and opinions about preventive dental visit. The collected data were analysed and compared with other researches. The important results obtained from this study were : 1. Females and highly educated persons had more dental knowledge than males and poorly educated persons. But age and economic status did not affect their level of dental knowledge. 2. Fifty nine percents of respondents thought that tooth began to be formed before birth. 3. Seventy six percents of respondents thought that infant oral health care should begin before tooth eruption, but actually only 63% started oral hygiene care before age one. 4. Seventy percents of respondents used gauze for infant oral care. 5. Fifty seven percents of respondents still gave bottles to their children after they reached age one or more and 55% of respondents never heard of nursing caries. 6. Ninety percents of respondents agreed that carious deciduous teeth need restorations, and 31% of respondents thought that age two is the appropriate time for the first dental visit. 7. Forty seven percents of parents did not think that dental caries is an infectious disease. 8. Only Thirty three percents of parents visited dental clinics for examination and prevention during pregnancy and only 11% of expecting parents were offered dental health care education in pediatric or obstetrician clincs. 9. Information about oral health care was mostly given from baby megazines. 10. Overall parental knowledge about infant oral health care was not sufficient to maintain appropriate dental care for infants.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.532-540
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to explore young children's perception of IrobiQ, the teacher assistive robot. Participants of this study were fifty 5 year olds attending 3 kindergarten centers who had experienced the robot for at least 2 years. The study was conducted based on the "the hypothesis of speech register". Each child was read a storybook by a researcher and asked to choose which one is more suitable to human speech tones and accents among a robot, a friend, and a toy. The findings of this study were that the children perceived a robot as a hybrid compound entity, not as a complete human though they perceived it closer to a human than an artificial thing. They were likely to use cognitive distinctions which is unique to human being, as the criteria to verify their answers. These results would suggest that the traditional binary ontological category(animate vs. inanimate) is reconsidered to include an hybrid entity.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.13-30
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the annual operational status in the filed of art shown in daily teaching plan for 2-year old, provide the analysis results helping the reflective cognition and to provide the basic data for relevant researches. Methods: This study analyzed the 1 year portion of daily teaching plan of 6 edu care teachers, provided the analysis results to the teacher in charge and promote the reflective cognition. Results: First, the operational status of the art area shown in the daily teaching plan for 2-year old was analyzed by dividing it into arts experience, expression type, art supplies, basic planar material, planar painting material, three-dimensional expression material. Second, The reflective cognition in the teacher on the analysis results of operational status in the field of art for 2-year old was shown as limits such as the infant art missing art appreciation, concentration on art supplies, ambiguity of infant art and the uniformed art activity. Conclusion/Implications: The implications of this study are the facts that it identified the operational concentration in the field of art for 2-year old, it utilized the analysis data of the teacher's daily teaching plan as reflective cognition tell, it showed the diverse teacher's cognitions on the infant-oriented art education not the uniformed art activity application.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.89-98
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• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to analyze corporate image of Korean game companies. The questionnaires such as corporate image, gaming playing period, dispute with parents included The lowest score was 2.75 on Han Game which is servicing web board games. Kakao which is a game platform got the highest score. Result through the tests showed that 5 companies were categorized into 3 groups, lower group(Han Game and NEXON), middle (NCSoft and Netmarble), higher (Kakao). Correlation with gender factor showed that only NEXON is significant. NEXON Score by female is higher than that of male. In addition, longer playing period on NEXON games has negative corporate image. Correlation between conflict with parents and negative corporate image of NEXON is also significant.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.23-47
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• 2006

The purpose of this research is to study the relation between the change of driver's driving confidence level in the age categories and driving behavior. To survey the driving confidence level, we used the 'Driving Confidence Scale' questionnaire and surveyed the drive career, mileage, driving days, violation of traffic regulation (drunk driving, overspeed), traffic accident experience (assaulter, sufferer) together. The subjects of investigation were from 19-year-old to 80-year-old and 1,055 persons were participated in the research totally. To examinethe structure of driving confidence level, we executed the factor analysis. We compared the driving confidence level in the age categories (under 29-year-old, 30~39, 40~49, 50~64, over 65-year-old) and studied the relation between driving confidence level and driving behavior. Driving confidence level was composed of 4 factors such as 'insensibility to situation', 'unsafe driving', 'careless concentration' and 'self-efficacy of driving', and there was decreasing tendency for driving confidence level and overall driving behavior according to increasing age. Driving confidence level had the interrelation with age range, assaulting accident, suffered accident, driving period, drunk driving, overspeed, driving career and so on. We examined the difference of driving confidence level and driving behavior by dividing the participated drivers' groups into the traffic accident experienced group, drunk driving group and overspeed driving group, and there was a significant difference on driving confidence level and driving behavior between the group who had not experienced the violation of traffic regulation or traffic accident and another group who had experienced the violation of traffic regulation or traffic accident.

• Bulletin of Food Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2013

베트남은 캄보디아, 태국, 버마, 말레이시아 등 주변 시장으로 쉽게 진출할 수 있는 거점지역으로서의 중요성을 가지며, 세계적인 컨설팅사인 AT Kearney사는 2009년 평가에서 5위로 전 세계 185개 국가 중에서 2020년까지 아시아의 유망시장으로 평가하고 있다. 평가는 인구, 소득, 시장잠재력, 위험, 유통침투 지수 등을 기초로 AT Kearney사가 개발한 소매유통산업개발지수(General Retail Development Index)에 따른 것으로 베트남은 2008년 1월, 2009년 5위 등 상위권을 지키고 있다. 또한 2010년 기준 8,700만명의 인구대국으로, 30대 이하 인구비중이 56%로 상대적으로 높아 소비자 인적구성 측면에서 성장가능성이 크며, GDP의 70%를 내부소비가 점유하고 있고, 소비여력이 큰 44세~55세 인구가 높은 비중이 높아 홍삼시장의 성장가능성이 크다. 홍삼제품은 도시 중심의 500개 소매점과 3,000개의 약국을 통해 유통되고 있고, 홈쇼핑과 인터넷 쇼핑몰 등 신규유통을 통해서도 유통이 활발해 지는 등 나름대로 유통체계가 구축되고 있으나, 소비자 인식부족과 물류시스템 등 유통 시스템의 미흡으로 본격적으로 성숙기 시장으로 진입하지 못하고 있다. 따라서 소비자와 유통 특성을 고려하여 시장에 진출한다면 성공적인 진입이 예상되나, 미국 등 다른 선진국들도 투자를 강화하고 있어 조만간 성숙기 시장으로 진입할 것으로 예상된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.397-398
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 행동-감정 반영 중심의 공감기술 증진 부모훈련이 자폐스펙트럼 장애 아동의 사회기술과 일상생활 기능에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하는 것이다. 연구대상자는 만 3세-7세의 남녀 35명이 참여하였고, 부모훈련은 주 2회씩 총 10회기를 실시하였다. 부모훈련의 내용구성은 사전검사와 전문가를 통한 내용타당도 검증을 실시한 후에 적용하였고, 자료처리는 SPSS 18.0을 이용하였다. 부모교육 프로그램의 전과 후의 효과를 검증하기 위해서 통제집단 사전사후검사설계를 하였다. 효과검정은 ANCOVA를 하였다. 연구결과 부모훈련실시 후, 자페스펙트럼장애아동의 사회기술과 일상생활기능을 증진시키는데 효과가 있었다. 결론적으로 행동-반영중심의 공감기술증진 부모훈련은 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동의 사회기술과 일상생활 기능 증진에 효과가 있었다.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2011.05b
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• pp.1024-1028
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• 2011

조리전공 남녀학생의 식습관 분석결과 남자평균 연령은 20.4세, 여자 19.8세, 신장은 남자 174.0cm, 여자 162.6cm, 체중은 남자 71.4kg, 여자 60.3kg으로 나타났다. 평균 체지방율은 남자 20.5%, 여자 30.2% 로 남녀 모두 과체중에 해당되었다. 대부분의 학생들이 본인의 체중에 유의적인 차이로 불만을 나타내었으며, 남학생의 36.2%, 여학생은 45.1%가 좀 살찐형으로 생각하고 있었으며 남녀 모두 표준형과 좀 마른형이 이상체형이라고 응답하였다. 남학생의 51.5%와 여학생은 35.2%가 아침을 먹지 않고 있었고 점심식사는 남학생은 매일 먹는 비율이 40.7%, 여학생은 매일 27.0%였으며, 저녁식사는 남학생의 54.8%, 여학생은 35.5%만이 매일 먹고 있어 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 식사형태는 밥류를 선호하고 야식은 남학생 55.7%, 여학생 69.7%로 주 1~2일 먹는 비율이 가장 많았으며, 식사를 하지 않는 이유는 시간이 없어서 못먹는다는 응답이 많았다. 스트레스 시 남학생의 56.%는 평소와 같이 먹는 반면 여학생의 58.7%는 평소보다 많이 먹고 있었다.