• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.523-534
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• 1998

Six trails of Naesorak(west Sorak) district of Soraksan National Park were selected to investigate the use impacts on environmental edterioration of trail according to the different amount of use. The entire width, and slope of trail as the trail condition surveyed at the total of 132 points were significantly varied with the amount of use. Major deterioration types of trail were rock-exposure, root-exposure, deepening and divergence in order of frequency. Deteriorated points were significantly different in trail conditions from non-deteriorated points, and these latter generally appeared at the lowed altituede than the former on each trail. Naesorak district still seemed to have poorer use-impacts than Oesarak(east sorak) district. The dominant species in upper layer of trail edge vegetation differed from trail to trail, but in shrub layer Lespedeza maximowiczii, lindera obutsiloba for valley trail and Rhododendron schlipenbavhii for slope trail. The species diversity and coverage of shrub layer in trail edge were the highest on the Ose'am trail and each trail was dissimilar in species composition of shrub layer of edge vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.241-251
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• 1994

Use impacts on environmental deteriorations were studied on the four major trails and a campsite of Tokyuksan National Park in 1993. The entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail as the trail condition were significantly greater on the more heavily used trail. Percentages of rock-exposed, deepening, root-exposed points as the deterioration types of trail which were surveyed at the total of 106 points were higher and trail conditions were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points. On the Paekryon trail, the damaged area more severe than Class 4 reaches about 910$m^2$/km and the use impact and deterioration on campsites were accelerated. The dominant trees of the the upper and lower layer in trail edge vegetation could be Quercus serrata and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum for Paekryon trail, Q. mongolica and Tripterigium regelii for the other trails. A. pseudo-sieboldianum, Q. serrata, Rhus trichocarpa, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Symplocos chinensis for Pilosa were classified for tolerant species to use impacts.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.91-103
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• 1991

Use impacts on environmental deteriorations of trail and campsite were studied in Chirisan National Park in 1991. The entire width, bare width and maximum depth of trail as the trail condition were significantly greater on the more heavily used trail. Trail conditions, especially altitude, entire width and maximum depth of deteriorated points which were surveyed at the total of 82 were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points. On the ridge trail, the damaged are more severe than Class 4 reaches about 34,000$m^2$ and use impacts on campsite and deterioration were also accelerated. The dominant trees of the upper layer in trail edge vegetation are changed from Carpinus tschonoskii to Quercus serrata, Carpinus laxiflora and to Quercus mongolica, Carpins laxiflora at Hwaeomsa trail, and from Quercus serrata to Quercus mongolica at Piagol trail. Also Lespedoza maximowiczii, Symplocos chinensis, Deutzia prunifolia, Weigela Subsessilis appear as the dominant lower species at Hwaeomsa trail, L. maximowiczii, S. chinensis, Stephanandra incisa, Rhododendron schlippenbachii for Piagol trail.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.315-320
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• 2016

This study was carried out to establish a management plan for urban forest trails with analysis of trail damage types and soil physicochemical properties on 3 urban forest parks in Jinju, Gyeongnam-do. We found that soil hardness was significantly higher in forest trails than forest area at 0 cm and 5 cm at a significance level of 0.05. However, we could not find any significant differences for other soil properties. For the trail damage types, the most common types were as follows: trail expansion (66%), trail erosion (59%), side road (57%), and trail boundary erosion and root exposure (41%). The results showed no difference in most of these types between the trails and forest area, indicating that the forest area might be damaged as well as the trails. Priority should be given to prepare measures that prevent soil compaction from overcrowded hikers.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to analyze the trail deterioration conditions and to obtain the informations for the desirable maintenance and restoration of the trails in Woraksan National Park. To accomplish the purpose, not only trail condition such as altitude, entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail, but also deterioration types of trail were surveyed at the total 111 points for 13.5km in length on the four access trails to Yeongbong which is the main peak of Woraksan. Furthermore, impact rating class, which could be effective means to check the step and extent of deterioration process, was judged on each points of trail. Results informs us that the deterioration condition of the trail in Woraksan National Park is not reached the lev- el of grave concern yet, but the active counterplan to change over from the safety-centric facility station to the integrated and organized restoration aiming to natural environment conservation is urgently needed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.465-474
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• 2003

According to rapid increase of visitors to the Baekdudaegan, the most important ecosystem in Korea, fur climbing or outdoor recreation, deterioration of natural environment along the trail on the ridge of Baekdudaegan is becoming more serious. The purpose of this study is to research the deterioration condition of the trail between Manbokdae and Bokseongijae on the Baekdudaegan with intent to prepare the conservational management strategy fur the trail on the ridge of Baekdudaegan. To accomplish the purpose, not only trail condition such as altitude, entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail, but also deterioration types of trail were surveyed at the total 232 points for 28.4km in length. Furthermore, impact rating class, which could be effective means to check the step and extent of deterioration process, was judged on each points of trail. Putting together these results informs us that the deterioration condition of the trail between Manbokdae and Bokseongijae is not reached the level of grave concern yet, but prompt countermeasure to maintain the existing condition has to be considered with regard for the conditions of location and the increasing amounts of use.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.4
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• pp.478-485
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• 2018

The study was carried out to select natural environmental factors that affect damage to hiking paths and to provide directions for facility management of hiking paths by a logistic regression analysis. The study sites is a total of 123 sample sites that located in the Baekdudaegan Guropo-Gisaengnyeong hiking trails. The variables used in the analysis model included mountain trail damage, forest type, herb of soil and crown density obtained through a field survey and included slope, soil and rock exposure obtained through FGIS. A logistic regression analysis of 43 sites and 80 undeveloped sites, 4 elements were selected for slope, herb of soil, soil and rock exposure. The slope and the herb of soil were positively correlated and the exposure of rock was negative. Soil has shown a positive correlation with its low missile and high sand ratio Saturn. Therefore, the management of the mountain hiking paths facilities should be established and restored considering the slope, herb of soil, soil and rock exposure.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.450-456
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• 2014

This study has been conducted to understand the deterioration state and to establish a management plan for the trails of Jeongmaek ridge. To find the extent of the deterioration, researchers investigated twelve physical factors and they examined the states of the trails qualitatively. The results are as follows. The extent of the damages to the trails of the Hannam Geumbuk-Jeongmaek ridge was 78cm in breadth, 6.4cmin depth, 20.8% in slope, the extent of the damages to the trails of the Guembuk-Jeongmaek ridge was 73cm in breadth, 7.3cm in depth, 20.0% in slope. And the extent of the damages to the trails of the Naknam-Jeongmaek ridge was 73cm in breadth, 6.7cm in depth, 17.7% in slope, the extent of the damages to the trails of the Guemnam-Jeongmaek ridge was 79cm in breadth, 6.7cm in depth, 19.7% in slope, which could be interpreted as relatively good. However, it was confirmed that damages to the trails that run through the urban areas and tourist attractions had become worse than in the past. Therefore, in the regions where the number of comers is expected to increase, more detailed monitoring and proactive management is required.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 1990

User's impacts on trail deteriorations and edge vegetation were studied in Sokri Mountain National Park in 1990. The entire width, bare width and maximum depth of trail as the trail condition were significantly greater on the more heavily used trail. Deteriorations of trail which were surveyed at the total of 52 were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points. The dominant trees in the crown layer of trail edge are as follows. According as the altitude rises, the changes happen from Quercus serrata to Quercus variabilis, Pinus densiflora, and to Quercus mongolica at Joongsajaam course, and from Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis to Quercus mongolica at Birosanjang course. And Stephanandra incisa, Symplocos chinesis for. pilosa show high relative dominant value at Joongsajaam course, Lindera obtusiloba, Fraxinus sieboldiana show one at Birosanjang course.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 2004

They are raising the necessity to prepare the conservational management strategy for the trail on the ridge of the Baekdudaegan where deterioration of natural environment along the trail as the rapid increase of visitors to the Baekdudaegan. The purpose of this study, followed after the Kwon and Lee(2003), is to research the deterioration condition of the trail between Namdeogyusan and Sosagogae on the Baekdudaegan. To accomplish the purpose, not only trail condition such as altitude, entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail, but also deterioration types of trail were surveyed at the total 182 points for 32.3km in length. Furthermore, impact rating class, which could be effective means to check the step and extent of deterioration process, was judged on each points of trail. Results informs us that the deterioration condition of the trail between Namdeogyusan and Sosagogae is not reached the level of grave concern yet, but some points and sections of trail are in urgent need of the integrated and organized maintenance. And some managerial strategies of trail were proposed in connection with the maintenance for trail on the Baekdudaegan ridge.