• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.124-124
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• 2003

해양 심층수는 저온 안정성, 부영양성 및 인공물질에 오염되지 않은 해양수로서 오늘날 많은 분야에서 사용 가능성이 대두되고 있다. 해양 심층수를 음료나 식품, 화장품 등에 이용하였을 경우 나타나는 효과의 일부는 미네랄 특성과 관계가 있는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 심층수를 원료로 한 음료수에는 혈행개선 효과가 있으며, 심층수를 생수로 섭취하였을 경우 혈중 콜레스테롤치을 유의적으로 낮추는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 간장의 인지질 값도 낮춘다는 연구보고가 있다. 또한 해양심층수는 아토피성 피부염에 효과가 있으며, 식품의 맛을 개선하는 것으로도 알려져 있다. 우리나라의 대표적인 음식인 김치는 배추, 무 둥을 식염으로 절여 각종 채소류 및 향신료를 첨가한 후 젖산발효를 적절하게 시켜 숙성한 채소발효식품으로 세계적인 음식으로서 각광받고 있다. 이 중 무는 천일염이나 정제염에 절여서 깍두기나 동치미 등에 사용되기도 하며, 김치의 재료로 배추 다음으로 이용율이 높은 김치소재이다. 무는 절임여하에 따라서 김치의 맛, 품잘, 미생물의 번식속도, 저장성 등이 변화하며, 절임이 중요한 품질요소로 알려져 있다. 소금의 종류 및 소금의 사용방법에 따른 무의 품질특성의 변화에 대한 연구들이 있으나 해양 심층수염을 이용하여 무를 절임시 품질특성에 대한 연구는 이루어져 있지 않는 실정이다. 이에 본 실험에서는 해양 심층수염에 무의 절임에 따라 무의 절임 특성 변화를 관찰하였다. 해양 심층수염과 천일염을 이용하여 무를 절임할 경우 수축율, 염도, 물성의 특성 변화를 관찰하였다. 해양 심층수염을 가지고 무를 절임할 경우 특성 변화를 살펴본 결과 수축률은 절임 8시간 이후에 해양 심층수염으로 절임한 경우가 천일염으로 절임한 경우보다 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 해양 심층수염이 천일염보다 더 높은 염도를 나타내며 절임되었다. 젤리강도는 절임시간이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 절임 염도가 높을수록 젤리강도는 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 무의 연도(Softness)는 심층수염이 천일염보다 높은 값을 나타냄으로서 해양 심층수염에 절일 때 더 부드러운 물성을 나타냄을 볼 수 있었다. 견고성은 해양 심층수염에 절임하는 것이 천일염에 절임하는 것보다 더 높은 값을 나타났다. 해양 심층 수염이 천일염보다 빨리 무 조직에 손상을 줌으로 절임을 단축시키지만 절임시간이 연장되면 오히려 무 조직의 손상을 완화시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 차이는 김치맛과 발효에도 영향을 미치는 품질 요인이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 해양 심층수염을 이용하여 김치발효시 특성 변화에 대해 더 구체적인 연구가 필요하리라 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.540-550
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the effect of Dongchimi juice containing kimchi Lactobacillus as an oral hygiene agent and to compare it with that of chlorhexidine solution (0.12% dilution). Methods: This study employed a pretest-posttest experimental design in which a single group of patients was exposed to two different treatments over a period of time. The study included 32 patients hospitalized at a longterm care hospital in Korea. Data were collected between August 12, 2016 and September 28, 2016. The patients first used chlorhexidine solution as an oral care agent for 1 week. After an interval of 2 weeks, they used Dongchimi juice for 1 week. Each agent was applied 2 times a day depending on the protocol. The oral status of the patients was measured using Beck's Oral Exam Guide (OEG) scores. The number of pathogens in the oral cavity was counted by culture, and the patients' subjective satisfaction score for each oral agent was measured using a visual analogue scale. T-test and Mann-Whitney test were performed to identify significant differences between Dongchimi juice and chlorhexidine solution by using PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The OEG score was not statistically different with the use of chlorhexidine solution and Dongchimi juice. However, decreasing number of pathogens and the subjective satisfaction score were higher with Dongchimi juice than with the chlorhexidine solution. Conclusion: These findings support the use of Dongchimi juice containing kimchi Lactobacillus as an oral hygiene agent for Korean patients.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.557-567
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• 2000

An optional ingredient, jasoja(Perillae semen), was adopted to improve the quality of Dongchimi. The final weight percentage of jasoja in Dongchimi was adjusted to 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0%, per radish, and sensory and microbiological characteristics were determined during fermentation at 10 for 45 days. The effect was varied depending on the amounts of jasoja, but Dongchimi fermented with 0.5% jasoja was most favored for color, flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability in sensory evaluation. According to a quantitative descriptive analysis for the product, the liquid portion of Dongchimi steadily became clearer and less sour in proportion to the amount of added jasoja. However, a strong off-taste was detected from 1.0% treatment. The viable cell numbers of total and lactic acid bacteria drastically increased during the first 2 days, and then gradually increased to their maximum values during fermentation and slowly decreased at the later stage. Dongchimi with 0.5% treatment showed a distinctive high number of microorganisms at the 15th-day of fermentation and this trend was maintained until the completion of fermentation. The lactic acid bacteria isolated and identified from Dongchimi were; Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactococcus faecalis, and Lactococcus lactis. The combined number of Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus plantarum began to increase right after preparation to as much as 10$\^$7/CFU/㎖, then decreased to 10-10$^3$CFU/㎖ afterward. This study showed that the addition of jasoja retarded the initial fermentation of Dongchimi; however, too much jasoja at above 1% weight level per Chinese radish might accelerate fermentation at the later fermentation stage and shoud be avoided. A comparable fermentation pattern was observed among the samples; however, more acceptable Dongchimi could be prepared by fermenting for 11 to 30 days at 0.5% jasoja concentration per radish.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.91-109
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of vitamin C and lactic acid bacteria count in Dongchimi used different kinds of water (distilled water, purified water, Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water). Dongchimi used different kinds of water was fermented at $10^{\circ}C$ for 46 days. The changes of pH on Dongchimi used different kinds of water decreased in all samples during fermentation period, and then showed a slow decrease after 12 days of fermentation. The total acidity of Dongchimi used Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water arrived slowly at best tasting condition(0.3~0.4 point) compared with other conditions. The changes of salt content were ranked high one by one , Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water>purified water>distilled water during fermentation period. At early stage of fermentation, the changes of turbidity of Dongchimi used Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water showed highly as compared with other test conditions for 12 days of fermentation. Vitamin C content was measured high in Dongchimi used Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water during the fermentation period. Because calcium content was high in carbonated natural water, carbonated natural water had the highest calcium content during the fermentation period. The changes of lactic acid bacteria count showed the highest price at all experimental groups in 15 days of fermentation, but those of Dongchimi used Cho Jung Carbonated Natural water showed the highest price in 19 days of fermentation.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.245-252
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of enhanced physiological activities in cultures isolated from Korean fermented watery Kimchi, Dongchimi, of single lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and when these three are mixed LAB as probiotics. Using the BIOLOG system and 16S rRNA sequencing, the isolates were characterized, and identified and assigned to Leuconostoc mesenteroides DK-3, Leuconostoc dextranicum DK-6, and Lactobacillus curvatus DK-13, respectively. Growth rate and pH changes, production of organic acids as metabolites, and physiological activities of the single and mixed LAB cultures, were monitored and compared. In mixed LAB cultures after 72 h of incubation, the maximum concentrations of lactic acid and acetic acid were approximately 340.5 mM and 191.9 mM, respectively, and pH changed from 7.00 to 3.62. Mixed LAB cultures were able to eliminate 96.3% of nitrite. Activities of antioxidant and ${\beta}$-galactosidase were 60.3% and 16.8 units/mg, respectively. Significant antibacterial activity of the concentrated supernatants was demonstrated against several food-poisoning bacteria. Physiological activities obtained from the mixed LAB cultures have been shown to be considerably higher than those of single LAB cultures. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that compared to the single cultures, all physiological activities in mixed LAB cultures are significantly enhanced.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1996

Naengmyon is a Korean buckwheat noodle with chilld broth, and the juice of dongchimi, a Korean radish pickle fermented with wild lactic acid bacteria, has been used as the broth for naengmyon traditionally. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of dongchimi-juice against coliform bacteria in model system of naengmyon-broth. Dongchimi-juice was made from radish juice by the cultivation of lactic acid bacteria which had been isolated from kimchi. Three types of naengmyon-broth, beef-broth type, dongchimi-juice type and the mixed type, were made as model systems, and then the changes in viable cell counts of seven coliform bacteria, Klebsiella planticola Bo2, X. terrigena CO8, K. pneumoniae DOI, K. ozaenae DO4, Enterobacter sp. AO2, Enterobacter sp. CO7, Citrobacter sp. BO7 and Escherichia sp. DO3, which had been added to each type of naengmyon-broth in advance, were investigated during storage at 3$0^{\circ}C$ All coliforms grew rapidly in naengmyon-broth of beef-broth type, while none grew in dongchimi-juice type or in the mixed type. All coliforms died out far more rapidly in dongchimi-juice type than in mixed type. The decreasing slopes of Citrobacter sp. Bo7, K. planticola BO2, X. terrigena CO8 and K. ozaenae DO4 were more steep than those of the rest. It was thought that the preparation method of Korean traditional naengmyon such as dongchimi-naengmyon or Pyongyang style-naengmyon, which uses oxy dongchimi-) juice or the mixture of dongchimi-juice and beef-broth, would be very effective for preventing the growth of coliform bacteria from naengmyon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.330-335
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of onion on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of Dongchimi. Dongchimi with levels(0, 5, 10, 20%) of onion was fermented at twodifferent temperatures : Group A was fermented at 4$^{\circ}C$ and group B was fermented at 4$^{\circ}C$ after fermentation at room temperature(27$\pm$0.5$^{\circ}C$) for 24 hours. During the fermentation up to 45 days, total acidity increased while pH decreased gradually. Total acidity of group B was relatively higher than that of group A. The content of reducing sugar was reached the maximum value in 6 days of fermentation in the group A and on 3 days in the group B. Especially, the highest content of reducing sugar was shown on the Dongchimi added with 5% onion in the group A and 20% onion in the group B. Vitamin C was reduced in the early stage of fermentation, and increased gradually after 10 days. However, vitamin C of Dongchimi without onion increased rapidly in the early stage of fermentation and remarkably decreased thereafter. After 20 days, vitamin C was maintained in Dongchimi added with 10% onion of both two groups. The number of lactic acid bacteria was reached the maximum value on 1 day in the Dongchimi without onion and on 3 days in the Dongchimi added 5, 10 and 20% onion of group A, while gropu B was reached on 1 days and then decreased thereafter. As a result of the sensory evaluation, Dongchimi added 5% onion in the group A showed the highest scores in texture and overall acceptability. Whereas, in the group B, Dongchimi added 20% onion was the most preferable one.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1021-1027
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• 1997

$CO_2$production in fermentation of dongchimi was measured and interrelated with changes in pH and titratable acidity. The effects of salt content and temperature on $CO_2$production rate were analysed. Fermentation of dongchimi showed drastic pH decrease in early stage and subsequent levelling off around 3.9, with linearly increased acidity up to 0.3~0.4% optimum quality. $CO_2$production of dongchimi could be analysed to consist of two consecutive stages of constant rate. The first stage $CO_2$production of higher rate moved to the second stage of lower rate when acidity rose beyond 0.3%. When compared to those of 1 and 2% salt content, dongchimi of 3% salt showed lower $CO_2$production rate in the 1st stage and slower acidity change through the whole fermentation period. However, it resulted in the product of highest $CO_2$accumulation at optimal ripeness because of consistent $CO_2$production of longer 1st stage period and relatively high $CO_2$production rate in 2nd stage. $CO_2$production depended on temperature less compared to acidity change(activation energy: 57.3 and 44.3kJ/mol for $CO_2$production of 1st and 2nd stages, respectively; 79.3kJ/mol for acidity change), which means higher ratio of $CO_2$production rate relative to acidity increase at lower temperature. Slower increase in acidity at low temperature also was shown to extend the period of 1st stage $CO_2$production. Therefore, low temperature fermentation was effective in producing the high $CO_2$content dongchimi at adequate acidity, which is desirable organoleptically.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2008

The influence of incubation temperature, pH and media components on bacteriocin production by Lactobacillus plantarum K11 were investigated. The highest activity was observed in MRS broth, but no bacteriocin activity was obtained in TSB. The bacteriocin was produced from the exponential growth phase and its activity also reached a maximum in MRS broth, but then dropped after 16 hr because of degradation by extracellular proteolytic enzymes or exhaustion of medium nutrients. The optimal temperature and pH for production of bacteriocin were $37^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0 in MRS broth, respectively. The addition of 0.5 or 1.0% glucose and $0.5{\sim}1.5%$ lactose to MRS resulted in the increase of the bacteriocin production. With 0.5% NaCl and $K_2HPO_4$, the activities were significantly higher than that of control, respectively. However, increasing nitrogen sources such as beef extract, casein, and tryptone and salts such as $NH_4PO_4$, $MgSO_47H_2O$, and $MnSO_4H_2O$, had detected a negative influence upon the bacteriocin production. Consequently, because the bacteriocin produced by L. plantarum K11 was affected by various incubation conditions, the bacteriocin activity of L. plantarum K11 applied in food as a novel starter will be dependent on environmental factors such as fermentation conditions and food ingredients.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.487-493
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• 1995

The material ratio for preparation of Kimchi in Seoul and Chung Cheong area and the pH, total acidity and NaCl concentration of properly fermented Kimchi were investigated. The kinds of Kimch prepared for the Winter were cabbage Kimchi, Kakdugi, Chonggak Kimchi, Nabak Kimchi, Dongchimi, Bossam Kimchi, and Paek Kimchi. The materials used for chbbage Kimchi were 20 to 25 of ingredients including salted fish and dhellfish. The material ratio of Kimchi was 71.9% of cabbage, 11％ of radish, 2.3-2.6% of green onion, 1.3-1.6% of garlic, 2.7-3.2% of powdered red pepper and 3.9-4.2% of salted fish. The kinds of Kimchi for Spring were cabbage Kimchi, Kakdugi, Chonggak Kimchi, Yulmu Kimchi and cucumber Kimchi. The amount of salted fish and shellfish used were decreased in Spring while vegetables of the season increased. The properly fermented cabbage Kimchi were measured of pH 4.2-4.5 and total acidity of 0.5-0.8%. The favorite concentrations of NaCl were found to be 2.3-2.7% in Winter Kimchi and 1.8-2.4% in Spring Kimchi and in watering Kimchi was shown low as 1.3-1.7%.