• Title/Summary/Keyword: 동적 정보

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A Study on the Operation for Dynamic Bus-Only Hard Shoulder Running on Expressway (고속도로 동적 갓길버스전용차로제 운영방안에 관한 연구)

  • Eon-kyo Shin;Ju-hyun Kim
    • The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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    • 제22권5호
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    • pp.108-126
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    • 2023
  • In this paper, the dynamic hard shoulder running for bus only (HSRFBO) was presented to solve the traffic congestion by increase the capacity in chronic congested sections of highways, and a simulation was performed to evaluate the comparison with the current hard shoulder running for all vehicles(HSRFAV) and median bus only lane and HSR(MBOLHSR). According to the evaluation results, it was evaluated to be more advantageous in terms of traffic flow and safety than the current HSRFAV. In addition, the speed of passing buses is slightly reduced compared to the MBOHSR, but the speed of entering and exiting buses is increased and the speed of buses and cars is greatly improved. Therefore It was analyzed that the efficiency of transport personnel was also improved. In particular, it is expected that traffic flow will be stabilized as the difference in speed between passenger cars and buses will be greatly reduced, and violations of exclusive bus lanes by passenger cars will be greatly reduced. In addition, the operation time of HSR is greatly reduced, so that the original function of the shoulder lane can be maintained as much as possible. As a result, it was analyzed that the risk of accidents was significantly reduced when operating HSRFBO compared to when operating MBOHSR, and cross-conflicts with high accident severity did not occur.

Design of a Low-Power 8-bit 1-MS/s CMOS Asynchronous SAR ADC for Sensor Node Applications (센서 노드 응용을 위한 저전력 8비트 1MS/s CMOS 비동기 축차근사형 ADC 설계)

  • Jihun Son;Minseok Kim;Jimin Cheon
    • The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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    • 제16권6호
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    • pp.454-464
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    • 2023
  • This paper proposes a low-power 8-bit asynchronous SAR ADC with a sampling rate of 1 MS/s for sensor node applications. The ADC uses bootstrapped switches to improve linearity and applies a VCM-based CDAC switching technique to reduce the power consumption and area of the DAC. Conventional synchronous SAR ADCs that operate in synchronization with an external clock suffer from high power consumption due to the use of a clock faster than the sampling rate, which can be overcome by using an asynchronous SAR ADC structure that handles internal comparisons in an asynchronous manner. In addition, the SAR logic is designed using dynamic logic circuits to reduce the large digital power consumption that occurs in low resolution ADC designs. The proposed ADC was simulated in a 180-nm CMOS process, and at a 1.8 V supply voltage and a sampling rate of 1 MS/s, it consumed 46.06 𝜇W of power, achieved an SNDR of 49.76 dB and an ENOB of 7.9738 bits, and obtained a FoM of 183.2 fJ/conv-step. The simulated DNL and INL are +0.186/-0.157 LSB and +0.111/-0.169 LSB.

A Scalable and Modular Approach to Understanding of Real-time Software: An Architecture-based Software Understanding(ARSU) and the Software Re/reverse-engineering Environment(SRE) (실시간 소프트웨어의 조절적${\cdot}$단위적 이해 방법 : ARSU(Architecture-based Software Understanding)와 SRE(Software Re/reverse-engineering Environment))

  • Lee, Moon-Kun
    • The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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    • 제4권12호
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    • pp.3159-3174
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    • 1997
  • This paper reports a research to develop a methodology and a tool for understanding of very large and complex real-time software. The methodology and the tool mostly developed by the author are called the Architecture-based Real-time Software Understanding (ARSU) and the Software Re/reverse-engineering Environment (SRE) respectively. Due to size and complexity, it is commonly very hard to understand the software during reengineering process. However the research facilitates scalable re/reverse-engineering of such real-time software based on the architecture of the software in three-dimensional perspectives: structural, functional, and behavioral views. Firstly, the structural view reveals the overall architecture, specification (outline), and the algorithm (detail) views of the software, based on hierarchically organized parent-chi1d relationship. The basic building block of the architecture is a software Unit (SWU), generated by user-defined criteria. The architecture facilitates navigation of the software in top-down or bottom-up way. It captures the specification and algorithm views at different levels of abstraction. It also shows the functional and the behavioral information at these levels. Secondly, the functional view includes graphs of data/control flow, input/output, definition/use, variable/reference, etc. Each feature of the view contains different kind of functionality of the software. Thirdly, the behavioral view includes state diagrams, interleaved event lists, etc. This view shows the dynamic properties or the software at runtime. Beside these views, there are a number of other documents: capabilities, interfaces, comments, code, etc. One of the most powerful characteristics of this approach is the capability of abstracting and exploding these dimensional information in the architecture through navigation. These capabilities establish the foundation for scalable and modular understanding of the software. This approach allows engineers to extract reusable components from the software during reengineering process.

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Origin-Destination Estimation Based on Cellular Phone's Base Station (휴대폰 기지국 정보를 이용한 O/D 추정기법 연구)

  • Kim, Si-Gon;Yu, Byeong-Seok;Gang, Seung-Pil
    • Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.93-102
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    • 2005
  • An Origin-Destination (O/D) is considered as one of the important information in route choices and trip assignments. A household interview survey is deemed to be the traditional and the most widely used method in making sample O/D and its conversion to the total O/D. Some researchers have studied to estimate dynamic O/D from the relationship between link volumes and trip assignment model. Nowadays, owing to the recent rapid spread of cellular phones. Location information of the cellular phone through the Base Station(BS) is considered as an alternative to O/D estimation. In this study, the methodology of generating BS-based O/D and the methodology of converting this O/D into an administrative district-based O/D are proposed. The information of GPS positions and cellular BS positions have acquired by establishing GPS equipment and cellular phone on taxies in Cheongju. Three weeks data are collected and used in estimating O/D by matching them on a digital map. Scatter diagram and sample correlation coefficients are used to investigate the similarity of the GPS-based O/D pattern among weeks, among days, and among times in day. The results show that there are few significant differences among weeks. But there is a difference in O/C pattern between weekday and weekend. Furthermore, there is a difference between morning peak and afternoon peak. Two methodologies are proposed to convert BS-based O/D into an administrative district-based O/D. The first one is to use the distribution pattern of GPS coordinates, the other is to use the coverage area of the BSs. To validate such converted O/D, GPS O/D is used as a true value. The statical analyses through scatter diagram, MAE and RMSE shows that there is few significant defference of pattern between the estimated BS-based O/D and GPS O/D. In the case of using only cellular information, the methodology using coverage area of the BSs is recommended for estimating O/D.

The Need for Paradigm Shift in Semantic Similarity and Semantic Relatedness : From Cognitive Semantics Perspective (의미간의 유사도 연구의 패러다임 변화의 필요성-인지 의미론적 관점에서의 고찰)

  • Choi, Youngseok;Park, Jinsoo
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • 제19권1호
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    • pp.111-123
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    • 2013
  • Semantic similarity/relatedness measure between two concepts plays an important role in research on system integration and database integration. Moreover, current research on keyword recommendation or tag clustering strongly depends on this kind of semantic measure. For this reason, many researchers in various fields including computer science and computational linguistics have tried to improve methods to calculating semantic similarity/relatedness measure. This study of similarity between concepts is meant to discover how a computational process can model the action of a human to determine the relationship between two concepts. Most research on calculating semantic similarity usually uses ready-made reference knowledge such as semantic network and dictionary to measure concept similarity. The topological method is used to calculated relatedness or similarity between concepts based on various forms of a semantic network including a hierarchical taxonomy. This approach assumes that the semantic network reflects the human knowledge well. The nodes in a network represent concepts, and way to measure the conceptual similarity between two nodes are also regarded as ways to determine the conceptual similarity of two words(i.e,. two nodes in a network). Topological method can be categorized as node-based or edge-based, which are also called the information content approach and the conceptual distance approach, respectively. The node-based approach is used to calculate similarity between concepts based on how much information the two concepts share in terms of a semantic network or taxonomy while edge-based approach estimates the distance between the nodes that correspond to the concepts being compared. Both of two approaches have assumed that the semantic network is static. That means topological approach has not considered the change of semantic relation between concepts in semantic network. However, as information communication technologies make advantage in sharing knowledge among people, semantic relation between concepts in semantic network may change. To explain the change in semantic relation, we adopt the cognitive semantics. The basic assumption of cognitive semantics is that humans judge the semantic relation based on their cognition and understanding of concepts. This cognition and understanding is called 'World Knowledge.' World knowledge can be categorized as personal knowledge and cultural knowledge. Personal knowledge means the knowledge from personal experience. Everyone can have different Personal Knowledge of same concept. Cultural Knowledge is the knowledge shared by people who are living in the same culture or using the same language. People in the same culture have common understanding of specific concepts. Cultural knowledge can be the starting point of discussion about the change of semantic relation. If the culture shared by people changes for some reasons, the human's cultural knowledge may also change. Today's society and culture are changing at a past face, and the change of cultural knowledge is not negligible issues in the research on semantic relationship between concepts. In this paper, we propose the future directions of research on semantic similarity. In other words, we discuss that how the research on semantic similarity can reflect the change of semantic relation caused by the change of cultural knowledge. We suggest three direction of future research on semantic similarity. First, the research should include the versioning and update methodology for semantic network. Second, semantic network which is dynamically generated can be used for the calculation of semantic similarity between concepts. If the researcher can develop the methodology to extract the semantic network from given knowledge base in real time, this approach can solve many problems related to the change of semantic relation. Third, the statistical approach based on corpus analysis can be an alternative for the method using semantic network. We believe that these proposed research direction can be the milestone of the research on semantic relation.

Analyzing Topic Trends and the Relationship between Changes in Public Opinion and Stock Price based on Sentiment of Discourse in Different Industry Fields using Comments of Naver News (네이버 뉴스 댓글을 이용한 산업 분야별 담론의 감성에 기반한 주제 트렌드 및 여론의 변화와 주가 흐름의 연관성 분석)

  • Oh, Chanhee;Kim, Kyuli;Zhu, Yongjun
    • Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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    • 제39권1호
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    • pp.257-280
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    • 2022
  • In this study, we analyzed comments on news articles of representative companies of the three industries (i.e., semiconductor, secondary battery, and bio industries) that had been listed as national strategic technology projects of South Korea to identify public opinions towards them. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between changes in public opinion and stock price. 'Samsung Electronics' and 'SK Hynix' in the semiconductor industry, 'Samsung SDI' and 'LG Chem' in the secondary battery industry, and 'Samsung Biologics' and 'Celltrion' in the bio-industry were selected as the representative companies and 47,452 comments of news articles about the companies that had been published from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2020, were collected from Naver News. The comments were grouped into positive, neutral, and negative emotions, and the dynamic topics of comments over time in each group were analyzed to identify the trends of public opinion in each industry. As a result, in the case of the semiconductor industry, investment, COVID-19 related issues, trust in large companies such as Samsung Electronics, and mention of the damage caused by changes in government policy were the topics. In the case of secondary battery industries, references to investment, battery, and corporate issues were the topics. In the case of bio-industries, references to investment, COVID-19 related issues, and corporate issues were the topics. Next, to understand whether the sentiment of the comments is related to the actual stock price, for each company, the changes in the stock price and the sentiment values of the comments were compared and analyzed using visual analytics. As a result, we found a clear relationship between the changes in the sentiment value of public opinion and the stock price through the similar patterns shown in the change graphs. This study analyzed comments on news articles that are highly related to stock price, identified changes in public opinion trends in the COVID-19 era, and provided objective feedback to government agencies' policymaking.

Research Trends of Health Recommender Systems (HRS): Applying Citation Network Analysis and GraphSAGE (건강추천시스템(HRS) 연구 동향: 인용네트워크 분석과 GraphSAGE를 활용하여)

  • Haryeom Jang;Jeesoo You;Sung-Byung Yang
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • 제29권2호
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    • pp.57-84
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    • 2023
  • With the development of information and communications technology (ICT) and big data technology, anyone can easily obtain and utilize vast amounts of data through the Internet. Therefore, the capability of selecting high-quality data from a large amount of information is becoming more important than the capability of just collecting them. This trend continues in academia; literature reviews, such as systematic and non-systematic reviews, have been conducted in various research fields to construct a healthy knowledge structure by selecting high-quality research from accumulated research materials. Meanwhile, after the COVID-19 pandemic, remote healthcare services, which have not been agreed upon, are allowed to a limited extent, and new healthcare services such as health recommender systems (HRS) equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) and big data technologies are in the spotlight. Although, in practice, HRS are considered one of the most important technologies to lead the future healthcare industry, literature review on HRS is relatively rare compared to other fields. In addition, although HRS are fields of convergence with a strong interdisciplinary nature, prior literature review studies have mainly applied either systematic or non-systematic review methods; hence, there are limitations in analyzing interactions or dynamic relationships with other research fields. Therefore, in this study, the overall network structure of HRS and surrounding research fields were identified using citation network analysis (CNA). Additionally, in this process, in order to address the problem that the latest papers are underestimated in their citation relationships, the GraphSAGE algorithm was applied. As a result, this study identified 'recommender system', 'wireless & IoT', 'computer vision', and 'text mining' as increasingly important research fields related to HRS research, and confirmed that 'personalization' and 'privacy' are emerging issues in HRS research. The study findings would provide both academic and practical insights into identifying the structure of the HRS research community, examining related research trends, and designing future HRS research directions.

Edge to Edge Model and Delay Performance Evaluation for Autonomous Driving (자율 주행을 위한 Edge to Edge 모델 및 지연 성능 평가)

  • Cho, Moon Ki;Bae, Kyoung Yul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • 제27권1호
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    • pp.191-207
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    • 2021
  • Up to this day, mobile communications have evolved rapidly over the decades, mainly focusing on speed-up to meet the growing data demands of 2G to 5G. And with the start of the 5G era, efforts are being made to provide such various services to customers, as IoT, V2X, robots, artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality, and smart cities, which are expected to change the environment of our lives and industries as a whole. In a bid to provide those services, on top of high speed data, reduced latency and reliability are critical for real-time services. Thus, 5G has paved the way for service delivery through maximum speed of 20Gbps, a delay of 1ms, and a connecting device of 106/㎢ In particular, in intelligent traffic control systems and services using various vehicle-based Vehicle to X (V2X), such as traffic control, in addition to high-speed data speed, reduction of delay and reliability for real-time services are very important. 5G communication uses high frequencies of 3.5Ghz and 28Ghz. These high-frequency waves can go with high-speed thanks to their straightness while their short wavelength and small diffraction angle limit their reach to distance and prevent them from penetrating walls, causing restrictions on their use indoors. Therefore, under existing networks it's difficult to overcome these constraints. The underlying centralized SDN also has a limited capability in offering delay-sensitive services because communication with many nodes creates overload in its processing. Basically, SDN, which means a structure that separates signals from the control plane from packets in the data plane, requires control of the delay-related tree structure available in the event of an emergency during autonomous driving. In these scenarios, the network architecture that handles in-vehicle information is a major variable of delay. Since SDNs in general centralized structures are difficult to meet the desired delay level, studies on the optimal size of SDNs for information processing should be conducted. Thus, SDNs need to be separated on a certain scale and construct a new type of network, which can efficiently respond to dynamically changing traffic and provide high-quality, flexible services. Moreover, the structure of these networks is closely related to ultra-low latency, high confidence, and hyper-connectivity and should be based on a new form of split SDN rather than an existing centralized SDN structure, even in the case of the worst condition. And in these SDN structural networks, where automobiles pass through small 5G cells very quickly, the information change cycle, round trip delay (RTD), and the data processing time of SDN are highly correlated with the delay. Of these, RDT is not a significant factor because it has sufficient speed and less than 1 ms of delay, but the information change cycle and data processing time of SDN are factors that greatly affect the delay. Especially, in an emergency of self-driving environment linked to an ITS(Intelligent Traffic System) that requires low latency and high reliability, information should be transmitted and processed very quickly. That is a case in point where delay plays a very sensitive role. In this paper, we study the SDN architecture in emergencies during autonomous driving and conduct analysis through simulation of the correlation with the cell layer in which the vehicle should request relevant information according to the information flow. For simulation: As the Data Rate of 5G is high enough, we can assume the information for neighbor vehicle support to the car without errors. Furthermore, we assumed 5G small cells within 50 ~ 250 m in cell radius, and the maximum speed of the vehicle was considered as a 30km ~ 200 km/hour in order to examine the network architecture to minimize the delay.

Analysis of Scaffolding Phase in the Discourse during Docent-led Tours in a Science Museum (과학 박물관 도슨트의 관람 안내 담화 내에 나타난 스캐폴딩 양상 분석)

  • Choi, Moon-Young;Kim, Chan-Jong;Park, Eun Ji;Jung, Won-Young
    • Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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    • 제34권5호
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    • pp.499-510
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    • 2014
  • The purpose of this research is to understand interactive learning during docent-led tours in a science museum focusing on scaffolding. We developed a scaffolding framework by collating the work of other researchers in related fields. The results show that scaffolding included three dimensions: purpose, interaction, and domain. The purpose dimension, divided into six categories, is related to the intention of the scaffolder and what the scaffolding are for: strategic, social, procedural, conceptual, verbal, and metacognitive. The interaction dimension reflects students' interaction with the scaffolder in two ways: dynamic (situation specific) and static (planned in advance). The domain dimension is related to two contents: domain-general and domain-specific (such as science). The scaffolding framework was applied to dynamic interactions between docents and visitors. The data was collected from elementary school students' family visits with the guidance of two docents at the Seodaemun Museum of Natural History. The data collected consisted of surveys, interviews, video-recordings, and transcripts. The analysis shows that five guiding contexts and scaffolding phases were recognized; 1) strategic scaffolding in a poorly illustrated exhibit; 2) conceptual scaffolding in a thoroughly explanative exhibit; 3) verbal scaffolding in misleading interpretation; 4) procedural scaffolding in a manipulative exhibit; and 5) metacognitive scaffolding with inaccurate content. In addition, the results show that the docents used the dynamic and static scaffolding synthetically so that the docent-led tour was effective. In conclusion, this study presents the usefulness of understanding visitors' science learning through the scaffolding framework, as well as the how docents can scaffold actively.

Usefulness of the Salivagram for the Diagnosis of Brain Lesions in Patients with Aspiration Pneumonia (뇌병변 환자에서 흡인성 폐렴 진단을 위한 Salivagram의 유용성)

  • Oh, Shin Hyun;Choi, Yung Sook;Ro, Dong Wook;Nam-Koong, Hyuk;Kim, Jae Sam;Leee, Chang Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.48-52
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    • 2013
  • Purpose: Bed, living a long time is required in adult patients with brain lesions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson's disease, causing pneumonia and respiratory diseases may be due to aspiration of food or saliva. In patients with recurrent pneumonia or pulmonary symptoms, there is a need to determine the possibility of pulmonary aspiration due to aspiration of saliva. Materials and Methods: Saliva due to aspiration pneumonia diagnosis in patients with brain lesions request for inspection to the Department of Nuclear Medicine, 10 patients (male 6, female 4) were included in this study. Patients were fasted before the test, $^{99m}Tc_{O4}$ 185 MBq (5 mCi) of less than 1 mL of solution was administered in the oral cavity. Administration and 20 minutes of dynamic imaging acquisition, and immediately after that the static images were acquired. Delayed scan after 2-4 hours if necessary. Results: Positivity rate of all 10 patients was 60%. In 4 patients showed positive reactions after the administration of oral cavity in a 20-minute dynamic imaging were able to confirm whether the aspiration. In the remaining 2 patients, four hours of additional delay tests were able to confirm whether the aspiration. Conclusion: Does not require changes in patient posture compared to the other checks that can be diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia. A simple test and takes less time. Therefore be useful in providing information for the diagnosis and treatment modality.

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