• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.223-236
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• 2009

This study focuses on how public libraries in East Germany adjusted themselves into new environments after the unification during 15 years(1990~2005). First, system and operation of East Germany's public libraries are studied and public libraries in West and East Germany are compared before the unification. After public libraries in East Germany became unified with West Germany, the structure of East Germany's public libraries changed, many of public libraries and labor libraries were closed and collection in those libraries was discarded or replaced. Thus, it is studied how libraries enhanced their capabilities and discovered their roles or identities in changing situations in this research.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.211-245
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• 2002

After division of Germany, East Germany was established as a socialistic nation. The new socialistic nation needed new systems in many different areas such as political, social, educational and cultural. In the new political system based on socialistic ideology the administrative organization and political parties used the academic libraries as a political instrument. Thus the members of the political parties exercised socialistic ideology on the management of the libraries. For example, in the anointment of the library directors, in the education and training of librarians, In the collecting development policy, in managing the seditious materials etc the influence of socialism can be seen.

• 에너지협의회보
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• s.14
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• pp.34-39
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• 1990

• 한국사회정책
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.113-139
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• 2016

This article tries to compare exchange relations between welfare and dictatorship in the East Germany and the North Korea. Unlike capitalist welfare aiming at correcting market results socialist welfare has been proposed to satisfy people's basic needs, but it had operated as instrument of dictatorship. Relation between welfare and dictatorship could be distinguished as hard exchange and soft one in line with social construction of welfare. Welfare-dictatorship relation in East Germany had developed from its formation(1949-1970s), crisis(1980s) and dissolution(1989-1990). There had established hard exchange relation in which the legitimacy of dominance had debted to welfare as social rights. While crisis of the exchange relation had been modest in a form of insufficient supply of consumption goods, it was one of the elements of collapse of dictatorship, leading to the unification with West Germany. The journey of the exchange relation in North Korea can be characterized by its formation(1948-1980), crisis(1990s-2000s), and transformation(2010s). Unlike East Germany, welfare was socially constructed as gift form the ruler to the ruled, which made the combination of welfare and dictatorship loosely coupled. Although economic crisis was severe compared to East German one the rulers have succeeded maintaining dictatorial dominance by creating dual exchange relation. They separated core group and subordinated one supporting the former at the expense of the latter. They blocked out most of the people from soft exchange relation making bad use of muddling-through life style dependent on market activities. This strategy led to a 'dictatorship neutral welfare extinction'. Taking the high degree of institutionalization of newly establishing welfare-dictatorship relation into account, lives of most people are hardly expected to be improved by gift by their rulers even if North Korean economy will recover in the future.

• The tire
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• s.161
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• pp.31-40
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• 1992

여기에 인용된 각종 통계 및 참고자료는 별도 설명이 없는 한 모두 서독의 것이며, 현재 통일독일에 대한 각종 통계는 작성해 가고 있기는 하지만 아직도 완전한 것이 없는 실정이다. 동독은 통일독일 총인구의 22%에 불과하며, 또한 경제비중도 크지 않다. 예를 들면, 타이어의 경우 1991년도 기준 통일독일 총교환용 타이어시장의 10%를 점유(표 17 참조)하는 데 그쳤다. 특히 서독과 동독이 화폐를 통일하여 사용함에 따라 승용차 및 타이어의 수요가 폭발하였었으나 현재는 안정되었다.

• Nuclear industry
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• v.8 no.7 s.65
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• pp.133-134
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• 1988

• 발명특허
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• v.3 no.12 s.34
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• pp.44-44
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• 1978

• The Korean Publising Journal, Monthly
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• s.72
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• pp.14-15
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• 1990

• Nuclear industry
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• v.10 no.8 s.90
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• pp.26-31
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• 1990

• Nuclear industry
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• v.7 no.6 s.52
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• pp.112.2-113
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• 1987